美国概况

Winston Churchill's edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter.

The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the United Kingdom and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade

restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. In the United Nations declaration of 1 January 1942, the Allies of World War II pledged adherence to the charter's principles. The Charter set goals rather than a blueprint for the postwar world. It inspired many of the international agreements that shaped the world. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the post-war independence of European colonies, and much more are derived from the Atlantic Charter.

Content

The Atlantic Charter established a vision for a post-war settlement. The eight principal points of the Charter were:

1. no territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom;

2. territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned;

3. all peoples had a right to self-determination; 4. trade barriers were to be lowered;

5. there was to be global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare;

6. the participants would work for a world free of want and fear; 7. the participants would work for freedom of the seas;

8. there was to be disarmament of aggressor nations, and a postwar common disarmament.

Point Four, with respect to international trade, consciously emphasized that both \"victor [and] vanquished\" would be given market access \"on equal terms.\" This was a repudiation of the punitive trade relations that were established within Europe post-World War I, as exemplified by the Paris Economy Pact.

The Cairo Conference (codenamed Sextant

[1]

) of November 22–26, 1943,

held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied position against Japan during

World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. The meeting was attended by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China. Soviet leader Stalin refused to attend the conference on the grounds that since Chiang was attending, it would cause provocation between the Soviet Union and Japan. (The Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of 1941 was a five-year agreement of neutrality between the two nations; in 1943 the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan, whereas China, the U.K. and the U.S. were.)

The Cairo meeting was held at a residence of the American Ambassador to Egypt, Alexander Kirk, near the Pyramids.[2]

Stalin did meet two days later with Roosevelt and Churchill in Tehran, Iran for the Tehran Conference.

The Cairo Declaration was signed on 27 November 1943 and released in a Cairo Communiqué through radio on 1 December 1943,[3]stating the Allies' intentions to continue deploying military force until Japan's

unconditional surrender. The three main clauses of the Cairo Declaration are that \"Japan be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914\\"all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria,

Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China\and that \"in due course Korea shall become free and independent\".

Cairo Declaration

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at the Cairo Conference in Cairo, 11/25/1943.

The Cairo Declaration was the outcome of the Cairo Conference in Cairo, Egypt, on November 27, 1943. President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China were present. The Cairo Communiqué was broadcast through radio on December 1, 1943.[1] The Cairo Declaration is cited in Clause Eight (8) of the Potsdam Declaration, which is referred by the Japanese Instrument of Surrender.

Contents

The main points of the document were:



The Allies resolved to bring unrelenting military pressure against Japan until it agrees to unconditional surrender.



All territories Japan has stolen from China, such as Manchuria (Dongbei), Formosa (Taiwan), and the Pescadores (Penghu), shall be restored to the Republic of China.

 

Korea shall be free and independent.

Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed.



Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka[1]) was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943, most of which was held at the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran. It was the first World War II conference amongst the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present. It almost immediately followed the Cairo Conference (November 22–26, 1943) and preceded both the Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945) and the Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945). The central aim of the Tehran conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, and the chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe.  At the same time, the conference discussed relations with Turkey

and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan, and the post-war settlement. A separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize Iran's independence.



Summary of principal conclusions

1. The Partisans of Yugoslavia should be supported by supplies and equipment and also by commando operations.

2. It would be most desirable if Turkey should come into war on the side of the Allies before the end of the year, in which circumstances, the Soviet Union was to support them.

3. Operation Overlord would be launched during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France.

4. The military staff of the Three Powers should from then on keep in close touch with each other.

5. At the insistence of Stalin, the borders of post-war Poland were determined along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line. 6. A United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to.

7. The Soviet Union agreed to wage war against Japan once Germany was defeated.

8. Yalta Conference

9. The \"Big Three\" at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill,

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. Also present are Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham, RN, Marshal of the RAF Sir Charles Portal, RAF (both standing behind Churchill); and Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, (standing behind Roosevelt).

10.The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and

codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held February 4–11, 1945, was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. It was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta, the Crimea. It was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin). It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and it was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Harry S. Truman in place of the late Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, with Churchill replaced mid-point by the newly elected Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

Major points

Military situation at the end of the conference

Key points of the meeting are as follows:



Agreement to the priority of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. After the war, Germany and Berlin would be split into four occupied zones.



Stalin agreed that France might have a fourth occupation zone in Germany and in Austria but it would have to be formed out of the American and British zones.

 

Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification. German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor. (see also Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union). The forced labor was to be used to repair damage Germany inflicted on its victims.[citation needed]



Creation of a reparation council which would be located in the Soviet Union.



The status of Poland was discussed. It was agreed to reorganize the communist Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland that had been installed by the Soviet Union \"on a broader democratic basis.\"



The Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon Line, and Poland would receive territorial compensation in the West from Germany.



Churchill alone pushed for free elections in Poland.[7] The British leader pointed out that the UK \"could never be content with any solution that did not leave Poland a free and independent state\". Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland, but forestalled ever honoring his promise.



Citizens of the Soviet Union and of Yugoslavia were to be handed over to their respective countries, regardless of their consent.



Roosevelt obtained a commitment by Stalin to participate in the United Nations.



Stalin requested that all of the 16 Soviet Socialist Republics would be granted United Nations membership. This was taken into consideration, but 14 republics were denied.



Stalin agreed to enter the fight against the Empire of Japan within 90 days after the defeat of Germany.

 

Nazi war criminals were to be hunted down and brought to justice. A \"Committee on Dismemberment of Germany\" was to be set up. Its purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into six nations. Some examples of partition plans are shown below

Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from 16 July to 2 August 1945. Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three nations were represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill[2] and, later, Clement Attlee,[3] and President Harry S. Truman.

Stalin, Churchill, and Truman — as well as Attlee, who participated alongside Churchill while awaiting the outcome of the 1945 general election, and then replaced Churchill as Prime Minister after the Labour Party's victory over the Conservatives — gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, the United States, Britain and China released the Potsdam Declaration announcing the terms for Japan's surrender,