语言学填空题

2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.

3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.

4.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.

5.Linguistics is the __________ study of language.

6.Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

7.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing. 8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.

9.Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

10.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.

1,verbal 2.productivity / creativity 3.metalingual function 4.yo-he-ho

5.scientific 6.descriptive 7.speech 8.diachronic linguistic 9. langue 10.competence

11.Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are _________

12.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.

13. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.

14. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised. 15. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.

16. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.

17. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.

18. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.

19. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.

20. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.

11. voiced, voiceless, voiced 12. friction 13. tongue 14. Height 15. obstruction 16. minimal pairs 17. Diphthongs 18. Co-articulation 19. Phonemes 20. air stream

21.An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word. 22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.

23.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.

24.All words may be said to contain a root __________.

25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.

26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.

27.__________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.

28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.

29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.

30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________

21. initialism, acronym 22. Vocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme 25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme 29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound root

21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.

26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan¬guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

21. Semantics 22. Direct 23. Reference 24. Synonyms 25. homophones 26. Relational27. Componential 28. Selectional 29. argument 30. Naming

21.Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s __________ of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.

23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.

24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.

25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.

26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.

27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.

29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.

30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.

21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax

26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)

Chapter one

1. Linguistics is generally defined as the . 2. The study of language as a whole is often called . 3. The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 4. The study of is known as semantics.

5. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to . 6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.

7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be . 8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic. 9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing. 10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .

12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written. 13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the language.

14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it

becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.

15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study. 答案：

1. scientific study of language 2. general linguistics 3. sounds 4. meaning 5. psychology 6. applications 7. descriptive 8. history; changes 9. prior 10. langue; parole 11. prescriptive 12. spoken 13. written 14. conducted 15. types

Chapter Two

1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.

2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.

3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ . 4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______. 5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.

6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______;

thus making the two phones similate.

7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.

8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______. 9. Language is first ______through its sounds.

10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.

11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .

12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.

13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .

14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.

15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements. 答案:

1. phonic medium

2. labeled articulation phonetics

3. manner of articulation; place of articulation 4. the speech sounds 5. allo phones 6. sequential phoneme 7. varying pronunciation 8. orthographically represented 9. perceived 10. bilabial; stops 11. phonetic similarity 12. oral cavity 13. tense; lox

14. simultaneous distinctive features

15. compound noun Chapter Three

1. Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.

2. Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information about meaning or function. 3. The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the major components of its

meaning .

4. Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection between their sound and

meaning.

5. When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new words are derived , or

formed.

6. Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category distinct from that of

its bases.

7. Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound , words_______. 8. ______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .

9. Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer that is concerned with

______ and ________.

10. The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs, are sometimes called

open class words.

11. Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.

12. Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers and signify such

concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.

13. _______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways to produce new words. 14. The ways word are formed are called _______.

15. When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in this category. 答案： 1. free form

2. smallest unit of language 3. core 4. arbitrary

5. derivational morphemes

6. affixational process 7. carry meaning 8. words

9. word formation; word structure 10. nouns; verbs; adjectives 11. do not

12. inflectional morphemes 13. derivation; compounds 14. morphological rules 15. grammatical category

Chapter four

1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .

2. The XP rule is . 3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .

Chapter five

1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things . 3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context and the 4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words: and 5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,

stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms. 6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs. 7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms is more .

8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, , and .

9.There are four certain relations between sentences,they are: , , and preswpposes.

10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning . 11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is 12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by . 13. Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience.

14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps 15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of . 答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

The modern linguistics is d____________ ，not prescriptive， and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.

16.

M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Names

linguistic context

native words, borrowed words Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms homophones, spelling specific

complementary antonyms, relational opposites synonymous , inconsistence , entails semantic entails

primary , related , coincidence linguistic ,non-linguistic J.R.Firth Meaning

17. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while

p________ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..

18. The transformational component has transformational rules， which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure.

19. In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct， and it is mediated by c___________..

20. 21.

H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b____________ transcription. In the cooperative principle， Grice introduced four categories of maxims.They are maxim of quality， maxim of quatity， maxim of r__________ and maxim of manner.

22. The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that language d___________s our thinking pattern.

23. There are two major approaches to error analysis： c____________ and non-contrastive analysis.

24.

P_________ is the study of language in use.

1） descriptive 2） Morpheme 3） parole 4 surface 5）concept 6） broad 7）relation 8）determines 9） contrastive 10） Pragmatics

11. Cultural t refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker, and they are not simply biologically passed on from generation to generation.

12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s features, which are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. 13. D affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very common way to create new words in English.

15. If we say “The baby is crying,” we must be talking about a certain baby crying in a certain situation; the word “baby” means a baby known to both the speaker and the hearer, which is the r of the word “baby” in this particular situation.

16. You can say “I swear he is the liar,” “I believe he is the liar,” or “I guess he is the liar.” All these utterances share the same i point of saying something the speaker believes to be true, but they obviously differ in the force of their statement.

11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.

12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.

13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.

14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.

15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.

11.words question 12.social groups13.sentence meaning14.polyglot15.voiceless voiced voiced

11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.

12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.

13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.

14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.

15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning. 16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .

17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.

20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.

11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.

12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.

13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.

16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.

17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.

18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .

19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.

11. Chomsky defines c as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12. An a sound is produced when the tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction.

13. I morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.

14. The A Condition on Case assignment states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay next to each other.

15. The relationship between the words in such pairs as “buy” and “by,” “stationary” and“stationery” can be labeled as h .

16. U meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

17. Semantic s is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. For example, the word “silly” used to mean happy or naïve, but now means foolish.

18. Speakers of an e dialect like Black English always regard the language they speak as the major symbol of their socio-cultural identity. Asking them to change their customary language patterns is asking them to take on a new identity.

11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .

12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are

therefore consonants.

13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.

16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.

18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.

19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.

20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species. 11. descriptive 12. Obstruction 13. Morpheme 15. Reference 16.constatives 17. approximates 18. Speech 19. nonverbal 20. Language

11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for human communication.

12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.

13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.

15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s features.

16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer.