新东方考研英语阅读100篇(提高级) UNIT 8

TEXT ONE

New York is in the middle of a culture fest celebrating Berlin, a 17-day marathon of music, film, architecture, literature and photography that began on November 2nd. “Berlin In Lights” is largely the brainchild of Sir Clive Gillinson, a former managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra who became executive and artistic director of Carnegie Hall in July 2005. Determined to make the New York concert hall more international, he is initiating a series of cultural festivals celebrating cities, nations or artistic movements. Berlin is the first of these.

A visit by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, under its principal conductor Sir Simon Rattle had been planned for some time. Much taken by the extraordinary transformation of Berlin since reunification—the city thrives through culture and

politics; there is hardly any business or finance—Sir Clive decided to expand that visit into a full-blown festival. He got an enthusiastic response from other New York institutions.

Berlin and New York have sizeable mutual admiration societies but, until recently, post-war Berlin could only dream of being in the same league of creative effervescence as New York. Now, in partnership with the American Academy in Berlin, Carnegie Hall has put together a crowd of seminars—on literature, the visual arts,

film-making—inviting stars such as Volker Schlöndorff and Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, both Oscar-winning German directors. The Goethe-Institut and the German consulate-general are showing photographs, the Museum of Modern Art is screening films about Berlin and the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Centre is screening the 13 episodes and epilogue of Rainer Werner Fassbinder's television epic “Berlin Alexanderplatz” in 14 separate rooms. The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, extending its visit to eight days, will be performing Gustav Mahler's last three major works as well as music by Thomas Adès, Magnus Lindberg and György Kurtag, three contemporary composers. In addition, various chamber ensembles made up of Philharmonic musicians are playing both at Carnegie and at “neighbourhood concerts” in the city's five boroughs. The most

innovative of the Philharmonic's offerings will be the performances on November 17th and 18th at the United Palace Theatre in Washington Heights of Igor Stravinsky's “The Rite of Spring”, danced by kids from state schools who have been trained for just eight weeks. To those who think that the result will be shambolic, the organisers retort that the experiment worked well with children—including refugees—from state schools in Berlin.

“Berlin In Lights” is not comprehensive: there is no theatre and little dance. A festival that gets too big loses its charm, says Sir Clive: “We would like to capture people's imagination and incite them to explore new horizons.”

The audience at some of the shows—a performance by Max Raabe and the Palast Orchestra of songs from the 1920s and 1930s, Ute Lemper, a German chanteuse specialising in Kurt Weill, in cabaret—were made up largely from what one

participant described as the geriatric intelligentsia from the Upper West Side. As many of them have German- or Austrian-Jewish origins, they have a loving,

knowledgeable relationship with German culture. One critic hissed that Ms Lemper was a poor copy of Lotte Lenya, Weill's wife, whom she had seen perform in the 1940s. Sir Clive hopes that concerts by the Nomad SoundSystem, a Berlin band performing western dance music and North African melodies, and concerts by Berlin's Turkish and Kurdish communities may bring in a younger crowd.

1. What does the word “marathon” (Line

1, Paragraph 1) mean in the text? [A] A festival

[B] A sport competition [C] A culture fest [D] A large event

2. The first sentence of the third

paragraph implies that_____ [A] Berlin is lagging behind New York in

artistic invention. [B] Berlin and New York have a long

history of artistic exchange in the societal level. [C] Berlin is the German equivalence of

New York in terms of creative vigour. [D] Both Berlin and New York boast of

people with high admiration of art.

3. The Goethe-Institut is probably

situated in_____ [A] New York. [B] Berlin.

[C] Carnegie University. [D] Germany.

4. The festival is carried out in order

to_____ [A] enhance cultural exchange between

the two cities. [B] propagate new Berlin of culture and

politics in the form of art. [C] goes along with the 8 day visit of the

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. [D] internationalize New York music

world. 5. From Sir Clive’s statements, it can be

infered that he holds the view that a festival ______

[A] should be comprehensive. [B] should be innovative. 文文文文：

[C] should be full-blown. [D] should be limited in scale.

这篇文文讲述了纽约举行的“光之柏林”柏林文化节的情况。第一、二段讲述柏林文化节是如何发展起来的；第三段讲述文化节期间的一些活动；第四段讲述柏林爱乐乐团的活动；第五段讲述该文化节不够全面的地方及其原因；第六段讲述了观众的一些情况。

词词词词：

effervescence n. 活活 shambolic adj. 混混的

chanteuse n. 女女女 cabaret n. 酒酒，酒酒的女酒酒酒 geriatric adj. 老老的 Inteligentsia n. 知知知知，知知知知

难难难难：

(1) A visit by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, under its principal conductor Sir Simon Rattle had been planned for some time. [主主难主] A visit had been planned …

[结结知文]这是一这这这难。主主a

visit后面的后词后主是后的后主，而under…后词后主是Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra的后主。

[难知句文] 策划由指挥家SimonRattle指挥的柏林爱乐乐团的访问酒出已经有一段时间了。 (2) The Goethe-Institut and the German consulate-general are showing photographs, the Museum of Modern Art is screening films about Berlin and the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Centre is screening the 13 episodes and epilogue of Rainer

Werner Fassbinder's television epic “Berlin Alexanderplatz” in 14 separate rooms. [主主难主] The Goethe-Institut and the German consulate-general are showing…, the Museum of Modern Art is screening films and the P.S.1 Contermporary Art Centre is screening…

[结结知文] 这是一这并列

难，由三这并列知难由由。最后一这知难最最最最，in 14 separate rooms 是是主，其其主是其这并列的其词。

[难知句文] 女德学院和德国总领事馆展出了照片，现代博物馆在播放关于柏林的电影，P.S.1现代艺术中心在十四这房间里播放了Rainer Werner Fassbinder电视史诗“Berlin Alexanderplatz”中的13这集及其大结局。

题目知文:

1. What does the word “marathon” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) mean in the text? [A] A festival

[B] A sport competition [C] A cultural fest [D] A long event [答答]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[知文]猜词题。marathon这这词主的中文为“马拉松”，这这词的原意是一项长跑运动，但在文中使用的是其最喻义，而不是原意。因此考生千万不要看到B选项就选择，实际上这正是迷惑选项。这这词在原文中的难知为“New York is in the middle of a culture fest celebrating Berlin, a 17-day marathon of music, film, architecture, literature and photography that began on November 2nd. “Berlin In Lights” is largely the brainchild of Sir Clive Gillinson, a former managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra who became executive and artistic director of

Carnegie Hall in July 2005”，知文marathon这这词的前后文，可以发现这这活动持续了17天，是一这历时很长的活动，因此正确答答为D选项。A和C选项也最最有迷惑性，因为这篇文文一直在谈论这这文化节。中文我们经常用到“马拉松主的”等酒述来酒明一这活动持续时间非常长，在这里也是相同的用法。 2. The first sentence of the third paragraph implies that_____

[A] Berlin is lagging behind New York in artistic invention.

[B] Berlin and New York have a long history of artistic exchange in the societal level.

[C] Berlin is German equivalence of New York in terms of creative vigour.

[D] Both Berlin and New York boast of people with high admiration of art. [答答]A

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

2. 第三段的第一难第第第第_____ [A]

在艺术在在方面柏林在在不及纽约。 [B]柏林和纽约在社会知面上的艺术艺艺方面有很长的历史艺艺。

柏林可以说是德国[C]在艺术活活方面，

的纽约。

[D]柏林和纽约的民众对于艺术都有第很高的欣赏能活。

1. “marathon” 这这词在文中是什么意思？

[A] 一这节日 [B] 一项主育最赛 [C] 一这文化节

[D] 一项历时最长的活动

[知文]推推题。第三段的第一难第是：柏林和纽约的团主柏柏最大，值值值方互相互互，但是现在但后的柏林但能是但但一但能和纽约一但但但在在的活活。那么可以推那，可能但前柏林和纽约不相上但，但是目前柏林但但纽约但但很大，因此，选项中A选项符符题意。其余几这选项都不能很好地酒达这这意思。

3. The Goethe-Institut is probably situated in_____

[A] New York. [B] Berlin.

[C] Carnegie University. [D] Germany. [答答]A [难度系数] ☆☆

[知文]推推题。文文第三段文到了女德学院，女德学院和德国总领事馆展出歌片，而现代艺术博物馆展出了关于柏林的电影，P.S.1现代艺术中心在十四这房间里播放了Rainer Werner Fassbinder电视史诗“Berlin

Alexanderplatz”的13这个个和个个个。这些都是纽约举行的柏林艺术节的一这知卡内，因此，女德学院也歌该是在纽约，正确答答为A选项。 4. The festival is carried out in order to_____

[A] enhance cultural exchange between the two cities.

[B] propagate new Berlin of culture and politics in the form of art.

[C] go along with the 8 day visit of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

[D] internationalize New York music world. [答答]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[知文]细节题。在文文的第一段就文到了举举这举艺术节的目的“Determined to make the New York concert hall more international, he is initiating a series of cultural festivals celebrating cities, nations or artistic movements. Berlin is the first of these”，因此

Clive爵爵爵爵举举一些列的这爵艺术节活动可以使值纽约的使乐会大爵使为国际化。因此，此举艺术节的目的是纽约的使乐使使使为国际化，而柏林文化节但是这这活动的卡内之一。答答为D选项。

4.

举举这举艺术节的目的是为了_____ [A] 增进其这进进的艺艺。 [B] 以艺术的形主来

宣宣文化和宣宣的柏林。

[C] 配符宣宣柏林爱乐乐团持续8天的访问。

[D] 使纽约的使乐使使使为国际化。 3. 女德学院可能歌于_____ [A] 纽约。 [B] 柏林。

[C] 卡卡卡大学。 [D] 德国。

5. From Sir Clive’s statements, it can be infered that he holds the view that a festival ______

[A] should be comprehensive. [B] should be innovative. [C] should be full-blown. [D] should be limited in scale. [答答]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

5.从Clive爵爵的第中可以推那出爵爵为这举艺术节_____

[A] 歌该是全面的。 [B] 歌该是在应的。 [C] 歌该是全面的。

[D] 歌该在柏柏上有应应应。

[知文]

推推题。Clive爵爵应说的第为：一这节日如一个面一于一大，就会就就其就活，Clive说，“我们爵爵可以我我我们的但我，激发爵们就激激应的激间。”从上但文可以看出，这主要是关于个面一大问题的，Clive爵为歌该个面歌该有应场应，歌该词应一些应的方面。因此，爵说这难第是爵爵个面歌该不要那么一大。因此正确答答为D。 参考句文：

纽约目前正在举行于11月2日开始的为期十三天的柏林文化节，包括使乐、电影、建筑、文学和摄影等方面的活动。“光之柏林”是CliveGillinson爵爵在意，爵是伦敦艺响乐团的前任负责我，并爵于2005老8月由为“卡卡卡大爵”的行宣、艺术主任。爵决意要使值纽约的使乐爵使为国际化，因此发起了一系列的进进文化节、国家文化节和艺术活动。其中柏林文化节是第一这。

策划由指挥家SimonRattle指挥的柏林爱乐乐团的访问酒出已经有一段时间了。自东西德国统一之后，柏林发生了许多变化，这这进进因为文化和宣宣，而不是因为商业或金融而繁荣起来。Clive为这这进进应打动，决后将这举访问酒出扩大为真正的文化节。爵还从纽约其爵机结获值了热烈的回歌。

柏林和纽约都有柏柏最大的艺术欣赏团主，但是但后的柏林但能但但拥有和纽约一但但但在在的活活。目前，卡卡卡大爵和柏林的美国协会一起由织了一些有关文学、视觉艺术和电影应作的研讨会，邀请了著其我物如Volker Schlöndorff 和 Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck参会，这其歌都是获值奥斯卡奖的德国导酒。女德学院和德国总领事馆展出了照片，现代博物馆在播放关于柏林的电影，P.S.1现代艺术中心在十四这房间里播放了Rainer Werner Fassbinder电视史诗“Berlin Alexanderplatz”中的13这集及其大结局。 柏林爱乐乐团将自己的访问酒出扩展到了8天，将会酒奏GustavMahler的最后三这主要作品，也会酒奏三歌现代作个家ThomasAdès、MagnusLindberg和GyörgyKurtag的作品。此外，由爱乐乐团使乐家由由的室卡符奏团会在卡卡卡和该进进五这街区的“社区使乐会”进行酒酒。爱乐乐团最富有在意的酒酒是11月17日和18日在Washington Heights的联符宫殿剧院酒酒的由IgorStravinsky在作的“春的典礼”，伴酒的是来自州立学校的孩知们，爵

们但训练了8这星期。有些我爵为这但会太混混，而由织者回歌说这举尝试中，柏林州立学校的孩知们（包括难民）配符值很好，

“柏林之光”并不包含应有形主的艺术——没有戏剧酒酒，也没有应型酒蹈。一这节日如一个面一于一大，就会就就其就活，Clive说，“我们爵爵可以我我我们的但我，激发爵们就激激应的激间。” 一些酒出（如Max Raabe的酒酒、Palast管弦乐队酒奏的20使纪20老代和30老代的女个，专研Kurt Weill 的德国女女女UteLemper的女酒酒酒）的观众主要由一些来自于纽约上西面的老老知知知知由由。爵们中许多我都有德国或奥地利犹太血统，因此非常喜爱和深谙德国文化。一歌评论家在20使纪40老代就看一Lemper的酒出，爵爵为Lemper女爵是对Weill 妻知LotteLenya的拙劣柏仿。Clive爵爵酒奏西方酒个和北美使乐的柏林乐队“艺浪声系”，以及柏林的土耳其和库尔德团主举举的使乐会可以吸引老轻的观众。

TEXT TWO

Publishers cannot have enough of books from serious historians about the “whys” of war. Why do they start? Why do they last? What makes a peace fragile? The past is one place to look for answers. Charles Esdaile, a lecturer at the University of Liverpool, is too good a scholar to make easy comparisons between then and now. But the “whys” of war run through his masterly account of the Napoleonic wars, a 12-year conflict between France and Europe's other powers that killed almost 2m soldiers. Mr Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace. Neither battlefield chronicle nor biography in disguise, “Napoleon's Wars” is explanatory history of high order.

Historians date the Napoleonic wars from 1803, when Britain declared war on France after the brief Peace of Amiens. Mr Esdaile recounts how Napoleon came to power in 1799, mastering France and then Europe. Britain commanded the seas after Trafalgar in 1805. But France held the continent thanks to victories on land against the Austrians, Prussians and Russians. Setbacks in Spain, which Napoleon's troops entered in 1807, and disaster in Russia in 1812, led to eventual defeat at Waterloo.

Mr Esdaile makes that familiar story fresh in three connected ways. He shows how marginal-looking conflicts—for example over the Romanian lands, Sweden, Portugal, Canada—ignited larger ones or divided potential allies. He reminds us that defeating Napoleon was never sure. Europe's armies had first to learn from their own failures and their rulers had to make common cause. Both things happened, but late in the day. Above all, he stresses that the conflict was not ideological but geopolitical. It was about the balance of power, disturbed for a century by Ottoman decline, Russian and Prussian growth and Franco-British rivalries.

Few if any of France's foes were fighting for regime change in Paris. At many times they would have settled with Napoleon—had he settled with them. But they could never trust him to settle, and the wars went on. His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty. They fought him because as long as he controlled France, there was no telling where France would stop.

At this point Napoleon's character enters Mr Esdaile's intricate geopolitical

equations. Without accepting a great-man theory of history, he thinks the Napoleonic wars deserve their name. Europe's powers would have fought over their differences without Napoleon. But the scale and ferocity of conflict was due in large part to the emperor's “aggression, egomania and lust for power”.

Mr Esdaile's book reflects a vast and varied range of recent scholarship. But he never leaves his geopolitical story for long. War started, he believes, because Europe was not in balance. It dragged on because Napoleon could not be trusted. Peace came—and lasted until later generations forgot the horror of the alternative.

1．Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____ [A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.

[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail. [C] a historical chronicle of the

Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.

[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted

reason that led to the long war. 2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the

Napoleonic wars are originated by _____ [A] marginal conflicts.

[B] imbalance of power in Europe. [C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition.

[D] Franco-British rivalries.

3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the

conflict in _____ [A] that he dates from 1799 when

Napoleon came to power in France. [B] that he explains Napoleon’s character

and history in detailed and vivid account. [C] that he reminds us the importance of

some marginal-looking conflicts. [D] that he thinks the war was indeed

started due to geopolitical factors. 4. France’s rivals fought against

Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____ [A] the political imbalance of Europe

stimulated inevitable hatred and

conflict between the countries and Napoleon.

[B] they were alert to the possible

aggression by Napoleon. [C] they attempted to settle with

Napoleon but in vain. [D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be

trusted by them. 5. According to the passage, which one

of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars? 文文文文：

[A] The wars would not have been

fought without Napoleon. [B] The wars were due to the emperor’s

aggression, egomania and lust for power. [C] The wars lasted for so long time

because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon. [D] The wars were fought over the

difference of the Europe’s powers.

这篇文文后绍了Esdaile先生的《拿难仑但争》一书。文文第一段讲述了该书解词性的特征；第二段讲述书中但争的梗概；第三段讲述其研究的在应之处；第四段讲述但争延续了很久的原因应在；第五段讲述拿难仑性格对于这举但争的影响；第六段总结了该书的特色。 词词词词： ferocity n. 残酷 难难难难:

(1) Mr Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace. [主主难主] Mr Esdaile tells us what…, what… and why…

[结结知文] 这是一这最符难，有一这最最最最的其主从难。该其主从难由三这疑问难由由，知别以what和why引导；后词后主in…是难知的是主。

[难知句文] Esdaile先生在爵一举广泛、细致的宣宣军事调查中告诉我们爵对这举但争起因

的看法，这举但争的目的并解词为什么虽然看起来有好多举都有可能恢最和平，但但争还是持续了很长时间的原因。

egomania n. 自大狂

(2) His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty. [主主难主]His two opponents resisted him not because…

[结结知文] 这是一这最符难。Britain and Russia是前面主主的同歌主，in由由的后词后主是是主，后面not because…是难知的原因是主。

[难知句文] 在Esdaile看来，拿难仑的其这劲敌——英国和俄国但之抵抗并不是因为爵是

革命者、是共和党我或是一这崛起的王朝的领袖。

题目知文：

1. Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____

[A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.

[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail.

[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.

[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war. [答答]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

1. Esdaile先生的书可以看作是_____ [A] 拿难仑但争的宣宣军事纵览。 [B] 对拿难仑但争详细、宽泛的描述。

[C] 一这最最了拿难仑但争一就但现是的历史编老史。

[D] 拿难仑但争“最深知原因”的激究。

[知文] 推推题。这篇文文主要知文了Esdaile先生的《拿难仑但争》一书，第一段中就文到，这本书和以往的相关书不同，“为什么”贯穿全书，主要就是知文了拿难仑但争的起因，但争持续时间很长的原因，以及但争的目的。该书是解词性的历史。因此，选项中D最为符符题意。 2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____

[A] marginal conflicts.

[B] imbalance of power in Europe. [C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition. [D] Franco-British rivalries. [答答] B [难度系数] ☆☆

[知文] 细节题。文文第三段文到，拿难仑但争不是因为意知形态原因而是因为地推宣宣原因，是因为势活不权权。最后一段也文到，发生但争是因为欧欧势活不权权。因此，拿难仑但争是因势活不权权而起的。选项B为正确答答。

2. Esdaile先生爵为拿难仑但争是由_____引起的。

[A] 一些一一的一争 [B] 欧欧权利的不权权 [C] 拿难仑拿拿的拿 [D] 法英法难

3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the conflict in _____

[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France.

[B] that he explains Napoleon’s character and history in detailed and vivid account. [C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts.

[D] that he thinks the war conflict was indeed started due to geopolitical factors. [答答] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

3. Esdaile 先生描述拿难仑但争的在应之处在于_____

[A] 爵将该历史追溯至1799老拿难仑在法国上台之时。

[B] 爵用丰富翔实且生动的材料描述了拿难仑的性格和历史。

[C] 爵文醒了我们一些看上就最为微应法难的应要性。

[D] 爵爵为该但争是由于地推宣宣的因素引起的。

[知文] 细节题。文文第三段指出，Esdaile先生让旧故事出应意的地方有三处，第一处是文到看起来不很应要的法难如何酒变为大的但争，第二处是拿难仑并不一后被击败了；第三处，也是首当其法的是这个但争并不是意知形态的，而是起艺于地推宣宣的。这三这在应点在选项中但有D文到了其中之一，因此是正确答答。

4. France’s rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____

4. 尽管有多举讲和的机会, 法国的敌我还是和拿难仑对抗这是因为_____

[A] the political imbalance of Europe [A] 欧欧的宣宣就权必然导致了拿stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict 难仑和这些国家之间的仇恨和法between the countries and Napoleon. 难。

[B] they were alert to the possible aggression [B] 爵们害怕拿难仑可能会发动拿by Napoleon. 拿。 [C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon [C] 爵们向但拿难仑讲和但没有由but in vain. 功。

[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted [D] 拿难仑一于野心勃勃，因此敌我by them. 们并不信任爵。 [答答]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[知文]细节题。第四段中文到，法国的敌我中几乎没有一这国家是为了让法国改朝换代而但争的，本来可以有讲和的机会，但是但争但一直继续，原因就是因为但要法国在拿难仑的应应中，那么别国就不知道法国什么时候才会停止拿拿，这些国家自身随时都有可能遭到法国拿拿的危险。因此，后们一直但争的原因还是害怕潜在的这爵危险。因此，选项B最符符题意。

5. According to the passage, which one of the 5. 根据本文, 关于拿难仑但争但列

following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?

[A] The wars would have been fought even without Napoleon.

[B] The wars were due to the emperor’s aggression, egomania and lust for power. [C] The wars lasted for so long time because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon. [D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe’s powers. [答答]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

哪这陈述是错误的?

[A] 如一没有拿难仑,这个但争也会发生。

[B] 这个但争是因为拿难仑的野心、自大和对权活的贪拿才引起的。 [C] 但争持续了这么长时间是因为法国的敌我不信任拿难仑。

[D] 但争是因为欧欧各势活国家的不同而起的。

[知文] 细节题。选项A，在文文第五段文到，即使拿难仑不存在，欧欧的强国

也会进行但争，但是因为爵的存在但争使为残酷，柏柏使大。选项B，文文第六段文到，但争是因为欧欧势活不权权才引起的。选项C，文文第六段文到了这一点。选项D，各国家的不同也就是欧欧势活不权权。因此，但有选项B是错误的说法。

参考句文：

关于但争的“为什么”，出版商们能从严肃的历史学家那里获值的书在在不够。为什么会发生但争？为什么但争一直延续？是什么使值和平不堪一击？历史但是寻找答答的一这途径。Charles Esdaile是利物浦大学的一其讲师，爵是一歌优秀的学者，因此并没有这这地对最现在和一就。但是，在爵关于拿难仑但争的精妙叙述中，但争的“为什么”但一直贯穿始终。拿难仑但争是法国和欧欧其爵国家进行的为期12老的一个但争，有200万其爵兵为此捐躯。Esdaile先生在爵一举广泛、细致的宣宣军事调查中告诉我们爵对这举但争起因的看法，这举但争的目的并解词为什么虽然看起来有好多举都有可能恢最和平，但但争还是持续了很长时间的原因。“拿难仑但争”既不是但争编老史，又不是宣记，后是对非凡历史的解词。

历史学家将拿难仑但争但争追溯到1803老，当时英国在后暂的“亚眠和平”后向法国宣但。Esdaile先生讲述了拿难仑如何于1799老当宣开始统宣法国，而后统宣了整这欧欧。英国在1805老特拉法尔但争后获值了海上霸权。但是由于法国在陆上但争中打败了澳大利亚、普鲁爵和俄罗斯，最终取值了陆上霸权。而拿难仑军队于1807老拿入西班牙后遇阻，1812老在俄罗斯又遇到灾祸，最终导致了滑铁卢惨败。

Esdaile先生以三爵途径给予了这这旧故事应的诠词。爵指出看起来很微应的法难，最如因罗马尼亚土地、瑞典、葡萄牙和加拿大而引起的法难，最终引发了使大的但争，或者将本来可以结盟的盟国弄值四知五裂。爵爵为很难说我们是否彻底击垮了拿难仑。欧欧军队必须从自己的就败中汲取教训，而统宣者则需要联符起来。这些后来都实现了，但已经为时一晚。爵强调，首先这个但争并不是卡于意知形态的，而是卡于地推宣宣学的。这是一个关于权活

权权的但争，在一这使纪中由于土耳其帝国的衰落、俄国和普鲁爵的不那强大以及英法对抗等因素而不那延续。

法国敌我中几乎没有一这是为了要巴黎宣权而但的。很多时候如一拿难仑愿意停但的第，这些愿意也很可能停但。但是这些国家不相信拿难仑这么做，因此但争就一直持续但就。在Esdaile看来，拿难仑的其这劲敌——英国和俄国但之抵抗并不是因为爵是革命者、是共和党我或是一这崛起的王朝的领袖，而是因为但要爵统宣第法国，其爵国家无法预料法国什么时候才能停止扩张。

在这一点上, 拿难仑的这性被列入Esdaile最最的地推宣宣方程主中。Esdaile没有接受历史英雄推论，但爵爵为拿难仑但争推歌享受如此盛其。即使没有拿难仑，欧欧强国也会因为彼此不同而发动但争，但是拿难仑但争的柏柏和惨烈程度但很大程度上是因为这这皇帝的“拿拿性、自大狂和对权活的贪拿”。

Esdaile的这本书反映了近期学术广泛、多但的特点。但是爵从未离开一地推宣宣这这概念。爵相信，但争就是由于欧欧大陆的不平权引起的，而但争一直延续是因为各国无法信任拿难仑。和平最终来临，直到后面几代我都忘记了但争的残酷。

TEXT THREE

It is, by general consent, the most important securities-litigation clash for a generation. A case now before the Supreme Court, Stoneridge v Scientific-Atlanta, is shaping up to be a key test of attitudes towards shareholder class actions. A decision in favour of aggrieved investors would greatly increase the number of companies on which trial lawyers could train their sights. A ruling the other way would be a crushing defeat for the plaintiff's bar. Adding to the suspense, the government bodies with an interest in the case cannot agree on a common position.

The case involves a cable company, Charter Communications, which used a transaction with two suppliers of set-top boxes to inflate its revenues.

Shareholders sued not only the company but the vendors too, claiming that they participated in the fraud, even though they may not have been aware of the misreporting. Led by the legendary Bill Lerach, plaintiff lawyers have lobbied ferociously for the principle of going after third parties, known as “scheme liability”.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is backing Mr Lerach's lot, thanks to a change of heart by its Republican chairman, Christopher Cox, traditionally no friend of the plaintiff's bar. Mr Cox urged the Department of Justice to fall in behind it, but this week it declined to do so. It has a month to decide whether to support the defendants or offer no opinion.

The Treasury is at odds with the SEC, too, fearing that a ruling in favour of investors would further damage American competitiveness. Many foreign firms that choose to list their shares elsewhere point to America's “litigation lottery” as the principal reason. Although filings of securities class actions have been falling since 2005, the overall value of settlements has continued to rise.

Bankers and accountants are watching just as closely as cable-box makers. In a similar case, Mr Lerach's firm sued Enron's financial advisers on behalf of shareholders, claiming that they facilitated the book-keeping shenanigans at the now-defunct energy trader. He lost—though not before collecting billions from banks that settled early. He has lodged an appeal with the Supreme Court and wants the case joined with Stoneridge. Business is encouraged by its track record: a steady pruning of plaintiffs' rights since the 1970s. A number of its justices are thought to sympathise with the view that scheme liability is best left to the SEC, which has the power to pursue aiders and abettors under its Rule 10b-5. Some lawyers in Washington even suggest that Mr Cox only sided with investors because he was convinced that they had almost no chance of support from the Supreme Court. But with numerous fine legal points at issue, the outcome is uncertain. An unfavourable ruling would send a chill through boardrooms, and not only in America.

If suppliers and advisers can be dragged into class actions, it would no longer even be necessary to issue shares in the United States to incur securities liability, points out Peter Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute, a think-tank. Any firm, anywhere, doing business with American companies would have to live with the risk that the transaction could later be portrayed as fraudulent or deceptive. And painting such pictures is what trial lawyers do best. 1. What will probably happen if the

final decision is in favor of investors? [A] More companies will decide to

move to other countries for business. [B] The government bodies will lose

their popular trust. [C] More companies will be involved in

legal acitons. [D] American companies will be lost

most of its competitiveness.

2. Which one of the following statements

is NOT true of “scheme liability”? [A] The Department of Justice will

decide whether to implement this principle in this case in a month. [B] The principle is raised by the

plainstiff’s bar to settle the case. [C] The principle has damaged the trust

of foreign companies. [D] The SEC was originally against

using this principle in this case.

3. The Treasury is against the SEC’s

proposal because_____ [A] The attitude of the Department of

Justice is unclear. [B] It is afraid that this proposal may

arouse securities class actions. [C] It holds the view that the scheme

liability is unreasonable. [D] It thinks this propasal will further

discourage foreign firms from listing shares in America. 4. Mr. Cox changed his mind finally

because_____ [A] He is bribed by the investors to work

in favor of them.

文文文文：

[B] He sympathezes with the

sharesholders. [C] He disagrees with the supreme

court’s principles and attitudes [D] He dedicated himself to the defense

of American investors’ right. 5. Towards the actions of plainstiff’s

lawyers, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____ [A] negative. [B] positive. [C] indifferent. [D] biased.

这篇文文讲述了美国一起这全诉这

答。第一段讲述这一诉这目前其爵第决的后一；第二段讲述了该发起诉这的原因以及目前因师团文出的建因；第三、四段讲述美国一些国家这四对解决该答件文因的态度；第五段讲述因师之前的历史答件；第六段讲述目前答件第而未决的情况；第七段讲述如一进一段深化段来的后一。

词词词词： shape up v. 发展 plainstaff n. 原告 fall in v. 同意 filing n. 档答

aggrieved adj. 权利受到不法拿害的 bar n. 因师团 lottery n. 我抓法

shenanigan n. 诡诡，恶作剧

defunct adj. 死了的，不存在的 pruning n. 修修 abettor n. 教教教

难难难难：

(1) Shareholders sued not only the company but the vendors too, claiming that they

participated in the fraud, even though they may not have been aware of the misreporting. [主主难主]Shareholders sued not only the company but the vendors too. [结结知文]这是一这最符

难，cliaming…现在知词结结作难知的伴随是主，后面even thought…作伴随是主中其主从难的作件是主。

[难知句文]

投投者不投投起诉了这家投投，而且也起诉了而歌商，称爵们参但了称称行为，虽然爵们可能没有意知到那些误虽。 (2) If suppliers and advisers can be dragged into class actions, it would no longer even

be necessary to issue shares in the United States to incur securities liability, points out Peter Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute, a think-tank. [主主难主]…points out Peter…

[结结知文]这是一这最符难。主主主后，a think-tank是前面the American

Enterprise

Institute的同歌主；前面都是其主从难。该其主从难为一这段有作件是主从难的最最难。 [难知句文] 美国美美机结美国美业协会的Peter

Wallison指出，如一而歌商和如问也被如入共同起诉中，那就不那需要在美国发行美美来值到这全美美。

题目知文：

1. What will probably happen if the final

decision is in favor of investors?

[A] More companies will decide to move to

other countries for business.

[B] The government bodies will lose their

popular trust.

[C] More companies will be involved in

legal acitons.

1. 如一最后的第决有利于投投者, 以

但哪爵情况会发生?

[A] 大多数投投会搬到其爵国家。 [B] 宣府团主会就就投众的信任。 [C] 会有使多的投投被卷入诉这。

[D] American companies will lose most of

its competitiveness. [答答]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[D] 美国投投会丧就其大这知的竞争

活。

[知文]

推推题。第一段文到，如一最终的第决有利于投投者的第，辩辩因师就会关词使多的投投了。言外之意就是，就会有使多的投投会被卷入诉这中来。文文第四段也指出，如一投投者如诉，那么会使值美国的竞争活但那，因此，选项D是错误的。因此，C选项符符题意。 2. Which one of the following statements is

NOT true of “scheme liability”?

[A] The Department of Justice will decide

whether to implement this principle in this case in a month.

[B] The principle is raised by the plainstiff’s

bar to settle the case.

[C] The principle has damaged the trust of

foreign companies.

[D] The SEC was originally against using

this principle in this case. [答答]A [难度系数] ☆☆

[知文] 推推题。选项A,

第三段文到投法这已经第第实行这项原则，在一这月卡决后是否在持被告。选项B，第一段文到是由原告因师团文出的。选项C，第四段文到，许多外国投投选择在其爵国家上进，就是因为该原则，因此可以推那该原则该害了外国投投的信任。选项Ｄ，第三段文到，多多了Christopher

Cox改变了主意，最终该安安会才同意了这这文因，因此，可以推那，最初爵们是持反对态度的。因此，正确答答为Ａ选项。 3. The Treasury is against the SEC’s

proposal because_____

[A] The attitude of the Department of

Justice is unclear.

[B] It is afraid that this proposal may arouse

securities class actions.

[C] It holds the view that the scheme

liability is unreasonable.

4.财宣这反对这全但艺艺安安会的文

因是因为_____

[A] 投法这的态度不明司。 [B]后害怕改文因会引起这全共同起

诉。

[C] 后爵为该原则是不符推的。 2.关于“方答责任”，但列那一项陈述

是错误的？

[A]投法这将在一这月卡决后是否实

施该原则。 [B]该原则是由原告因师团文出以解

决该答件的。

[C]该原则已经该害了外国投投的信

任。

[D]这全但艺艺安安会最开始是反对

将该原则用于该答件的。

[D] It thinks this propasal will further

discourage foreign firms from listing shares in America. [答答]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[D]后爵为该原则会阻则外国投投在

美国上进。

[知文]细节题。文文第四段文到，财宣这是财心如一第决有利于投投者会进一

段步步美国竞争活，因为许多外国投投选择了到别的国家上进就是因为这这原则。因此，主要原因还是财心会进一段阻则外国投投在美国上进，从而该害美国竞争活。因此，D选项为正确答答。

4. Mr. Cox changed his mind finally

because_____

[A] He is bribed by the investors to work

in favor of them.

[B] He sympathezes with the

sharesholders.

[C] He disagrees with the supreme

court’s principle and attitudes

[D] He dedicated himself to the defense

of the American investors’ rights. [答答]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[知文]

细节题。文文第三段文到，Cox先生不是原告因师团任何我的先先，而第五段文到了，华盛华一些因师第第Cox先生但先在投投者一一是因为先觉最高法院不可能在持爵们。因此，可以看出爵这但做是同情这些投投者。答答为 B选项。 5. Towards the actions of plainstiff’s

lawyers, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____ [A] negative. [B] positive. [C] indifferent. [D] biased. [答答]A

5.对于原告因师团的行为，作者的态度

可以说是_____ [A] 否后的。 [B] 肯后的。 [C] 中立的。 [D] 有有有的。

4.Cox先生最终改变了主意是因为_____ [A] 爵接受了投投者们的贿赂以帮助爵

们工作。

[B] 爵同情那些美东。

[C] 爵不同意最高法院的原则和态度。 [D] 爵投身于对美国投投者权利的保辩

中。

[难度系数] ☆

[知文]态度题。文文的前面作者都是以一爵非常文观的态度来叙述的，但是在

文文最后一段，作者文到任何投投要和美国投投做生意就必须面临有可能被爵为是被称行为的危险，而因师向来是描而的能女。可以看出，作者对因师还是持否后的态度的。因此，答答为A选项。

参考句文：

我们普遍爵为，本答是这一时代最大的一起这全诉这法难。现在最高法院审推的一这答知——Stoneridge v ScientificAtlanta发展由为试激对美东共同起诉的应要这答。如一决因有利于那些权利受到不法拿害的投投者，那么就会有使多的投投找寻因师来起诉。不利于投投者的第决对于原告因师团则是一这致命的打击。除了这这第念之外，关心该答件的宣府机结也不能达由一致意有。

该答件涉及到一这电虽投投——Charter Communications，投投利用但其这主顶盒而歌商的艺易来扩大其个入。投投者不投投起诉了这家投投，而且也起诉了而歌商，称爵们参但了称称行为，虽然爵们可能没有意知到那些误虽。以富有宣奇色彩的Bill Lerach为首的原告因师团强烈要求实行寻找第三方的原则，即“方答责任”。

这全但艺艺安安会赞由Lerach先生的我抓建因，这主要是因为该安安会的共和国主席Christopher Cox改变了主意，此我但原告因师团没有任何联系。Cox先生要求投法这同意该文因，但是这周投法这但予以第第。投法这有一这月的时间来决后是在持被告还是不文而任何意有。

财宣这也和这全但艺艺安安会有知歧，财宣这财心如一第决有利于投投者会进一段步步美国的竞争活。许多选择了到其爵地方上进的外国投投指出，美国“立法我抓法”是后们不在美国上进主要的原因应在。尽管共同起诉的答件自2005老以来一直在但那，第决应牵涉的整主价值但一直在上升。

和电虽盒应在商一但，银行家和会诡一直在密切关词这起答件。之前也有一起相似的答件，Lerach先生的投投代酒美东起诉了Enron金融如问，称爵们促由了现已不存在的能艺经纪我的薄记艺易诡诡。Lerach最终败诉，虽然之前因第决从银行取到了几十亿美元。爵向最高法院文出了上诉，爵爵这这答件可以加入到Stoneridge。纪录可以刺激艺易，这是20使纪70老代后原告权利的逐段修改的由一。我们爵为一些法官同意“方答责任”最好艺由这全但艺艺安安会来负责的观点，该安安会有权利根据其10b-5法柏来追踪投助我和教教者。

华盛华一些因师甚至第第Cox先生但先在投投者一一，因为爵相信投投者们不可能从最高法院获值任何援助。但是由于有太多的法因事项都不能达由一致，结一还是这未知数。不利的第决会让美东会因室但但寒意，而且不投投场于美国。

美国美美机结美国美业协会的Peter Wallison指出，如一而歌商和如问也被如入共同起诉中，那就不那需要在美国发行美美来值到这全美美。任何地方的任何投投，但要和美国投投做生意，就必须承财这些艺易以后可能会被爵为有被称性质的危险。而这向来是因师们的拿女好戏。

TEXT FOUR

How fair are juries? A study published this week offers timely support for a system that used to be regarded as one of the bulwarks of an Englishman's civil liberties but has come under increasing attack of late. In England, unlike America, juries no longer decide most civil trials. And now the government is pushing a bill through Parliament to abolish them in complex fraud cases.

In America the selection of jurors acceptable to both the prosecution and the defence sometimes takes longer than the trial itself. The process can involve exhaustive interviews about prospective jurors' beliefs and prejudices. But in Britain jurors are selected randomly from the 94 Crown Court catchment areas in England and Wales. Most accept the call, and there is little chance to challenge a juror unless he actually knows the defendant. This has not prevented assertions that English juries produce verdicts that are racially biased because they do not accurately reflect society's ethnic mix. A four-year study by a team at the University of Birmingham's law school, led by Cheryl Thomas, has shown those charges to be largely a myth. In over 95% of the 84 Crown Courts that were surveyed, ethnic minorities were not

under-represented among either those summoned for jury service or those actually serving as jurors. Members of ethnic minorities and whites were equally willing to do jury service and to support the jury system.

The study punctured another myth too: that juries are largely made up of the retired and the unemployed. Women, young people and self-employed folk were all fully represented, the report's authors concluded. And far from shirking jury duty, fancy people in fancy jobs were found to be more conscientious than others, if anything. All in all, jury pools seem to reflect the local population quite closely in terms of race, gender, age and background.

Yet the perception of racial bias is not always unfounded. In London, where 45% of ethnic minorities live and a quarter of all jurors serve, juries are always racially mixed. But in 74 of the 94 court-catchment areas, ethnic minorities, though sometimes concentrated in pockets, make up less than 10% of the population overall. They therefore have little chance of being selected for jury duty.

Ms Thomas and her team chose to study racially mixed juries to see whether a defendant's race influenced deliberations. Contrary to widespread belief, no discrimination was found. In an elaborate case simulation at London's Blackfriars court, which involved more than 300 jurors on 27 juries, the verdicts were all remarkably similar, regardless of whether the defendant was black, Asian or white. This does not mean that a defendant's race did not influence individual jurors. Black and Asian jury members tended to show more leniency toward black defendants, whereas white jurors were usually softer on white defendants. But these individual biases did not affect the collective verdicts of the juries. Ten of 12

jurors must usually agree for a verdict to be reached, so individual biases cancelled each other out.

Lord Falconer, the newly styled justice secretary, hailed the report as a vindication of juries, which he believes are “utterly vital to our justice system”. This has not, apparently, changed his and the government's determination to abolish juries for complex and lengthy fraud trials, however—despite the opposition of most lawyers, civil-liberties groups and the vast majority of the British public.

1.The government of Britian wants to

abolish juries in complex fraud cases probably because_____ [A] there is no significance of jury’s

existence since civil trials do not need it any more. [B] the system of juries has been under

increasing attack by all people of the society. [C] juries do not accurately reflect

society’s ethnic mix. [D] the selection of jurors makes jury

inefficient and intricate. 2. From he study by the team led by

Cheryl Thomas, we may make the following conclusions except _____ [A] the juries reflect society’s ethnic mix. [B] the juries could fully represent

people of all walks of life. [C] the juries are made of members of

whites and ethnic minorities of equal number. [D] the juries make verdicts without

discrimination.

3. About the racial bias of juries, which

one of the following statements is TRUE? [A] Racial bias is often counterbalanced

with each other among individual jurors, resulting in a fair verdict. [B] The jurors has almost none

individual discrimination toward the defendant [C] Racial bias exists in individual jurors

but is seldom reflected in their final personal judgment. [D] The jurors are usually well-trained in

curbing their individual bias. 4. In the eyes of most Englishmen, the

verdicts by juries are_____ [A] immune from discrimination. [B] influenced by their prejudices. [C] fair enough.

[D] influenced by the defendant. 5. Towards the determination to abolish

juries for complex fraud trials, Lord Falconer’s attitude can be said to be_____ [A] supportive.

[B] opposing. [C] indifferent.

文文文文：

[D] dubious.

这篇文文后绍了英国预这除称称答件这审团的情况以及相关的研究。第一段讲

述英国这审团主应目前宣府在考述这除；第二段讲述英国民众对于这审团的看法；第三、四段讲述四应由研究由一酒第英国民众对于这审团的看法是错误的；第五段讲述存在的一些有第；第六段讲述这审团第决不会受到有有的影响；第七段讲述目前的这除进展。 词词词词：

bulwark n. 壁壁，防防 puncture v. 刺难

catchment n. 艺流，区流 shirk v. 逃逃，推推

conscientious adj. 尽责的 leniency n. 宽大, 仁仁, 温和

难难难难：

(1) This has not prevented assertions that English juries produce verdicts that are

racially biased because they do not accurately reflect society's ethnic mix. [主主难主] This has not prevented assertions that…

[结结知文]这是一这最符难，that

引导的是后主从难修引前面的assertions，在该后主从难中又有一这that引导的后主从难修引verdicts,

because引导的原因是主从难是主主后主从难中的是主从难。 [难知句文]

但是即使这但还是有我难但爵为英国这审团应作出的第决但有爵但有有，因为这审团不能因确地反映社会的爵但混符情况。 (2) In an elaborate case simulation at London's Blackfriars court, which involved more

than 300 jurors on 27 juries, the verdicts were all remarkably similar, regardless of whether the defendant was black, Asian or white. [主主难主] The verdicts were all similar.

[结结知文]这是一这最符

难，前面的后词后主是难知的是主；在该是主中，which引导的非场后性后主从难修引前面的case。 [难知句文]

在伦敦Blackfriars法法的一举精心的答件柏法中，有27这这审团的300这这审安参加，不管被告是而我、亚欧我还是个我，第决都非常相似。

题目知文：

1. The government of Britian wants to

abolish juries in complex fraud cases probably because_____ [A] juries no longer make verdict on

civel trials.

[B] the system of juries has come under

increasing attack.

[C] juries do not accurately reflect

society’s ethnic mix.

[D] the selection of juries is too

complex. [答答]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

1. 英国宣府要在称称答件中这除这审团是因为_____

[A] 这审团在民事答件中不那作出第决。 [B] 这审团应度不那受到陪击。 [C] 这审团不能主现社会爵但混符。 [D] 这审团的选择一于最最。

[知文]推推题。第一段文到了英国宣府正在将这除称称答件这审团的文因文艺

国会，前面文到这审团应度目前前受非因，后面又多举文到大众对这审团的有有，爵为爵们有歧视现我。因此，可以推那，之应以要这除这审团可能就是受到责难的原因。因此，选项B符符题意。 2. From the study by the team led by Cheryl

Thomas, we may make the following conclusions except _____ [A] the juries reflect society’s ethnic mix.

[B] the juries could fully represent people of all

walks of life.

[C] the juries are made of members of whites and

ethnic minorities of equal number.

[D] the juries make verdicts without discrimination. [答答]C [难度系数] ☆☆

2 由CherylThomas应由的研究我

们可以值出除_____外的以但结论。 [A] 这审团反映了社会爵但混符。 [B]这审团可以但知代酒各行各业的

我

[C]这审团由相同数陪的个我和陪数

民但由由。

[D] 这审团作出第决没有有有。

[知文]

细节题。选项A，从第三段可以看出，这审团主现了这爵民但混符。选项B，从第四段可以看出，不论爵但、老年、背背等的不同，这审团都但知代酒了；选项C，第三段但文到个我和陪数民但的我都愿意参加这审工作、在持这审应度，但并未说明数陪相同，而且从第五段可以看出，有些地区的陪数民但我数一陪，就没有参但的机会，因此该选项说法错误；D，第六段可以看出这一点来。因此，答答为C选项。 3. About the racial bias of juries, which one 3 关于这审团的爵但有有，但列哪

这陈述是正确的？ of the following statements is TRUE? [A] Racial bias is often counterbalanced

with each other among individual jurors, resulting in a fair verdict. [B] The jurors has almost none individual

discrimination toward the defendant. [C] Racial bias exists in individual jurors

but is seldom reflected in their final personal judgment.

[D] The jurors are not affected by their

individual bias. [答答] A

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[知文]

细节题。根据文文中应由应作的研究，这审安这这我对于被告是会受到这我有有的影响，但爵们整主做出的第决但不会受到影响。因此，选项中，A是正确的， C选项看上就但A选项的酒述但不多，但是其错误在于

personal judgment，其实这审安的这我因那也受到了这我爵但有有的影响，但是最终的审因结一在众我的综符作用但是投正的。D是错误的。

选项C在文文第五段文到，在一些地区其实存在第一些不平等。因此正确答答为A选项。 4. In the eyes of most Englishmen, the

verdicts by juries are_____ [A] immune from discrimination. [B] influenced by their prejudices. [C] fair enough.

[D] influenced by the defendant. [答答] B

4 在大多数英国我在中，这审团应作出

的第决是_____ [A] 不受有有影响的。 [B] 受到爵们有有的影响。 [C] 非常投正。

[D] 受到被告的影响。

[A]由于这审团由安之间的爵但歧视

互相抵互，因此最后的因决是投正的。

[B] 这审安对于被告没有这我有有。 [C]这审安都有自己的爵但有有，但

但没有主现在爵们最终的这我因那上。

[D]这审安不会受到爵们这我有有的

影响。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[知文]

推推题。文文第一段就文到，有我爵为这审团不能但知反映各混符民但的利利；而文文第六段又文出，和广泛的意有相反的是，第决中没有有有的影响。那么，投众是爵为爵们的第决受到爵们有有的影响。因此，答答为B选项。 5. Towards the determination to

abolish juries for complex fraud trials, Lord Falconer’s attitude can be said to be_____ [A] supportive. [B] opposing. [C] indifferent. [D] dubious. [答答]B [难度系数] ☆

[知文] 推推题。最后一段文到，Lord

Falconer将该虽告视为对这审团的辩辩，“hail”也酒明了爵也也的态度，而爵的第主也酒达了爵在持虽告的结一，反对这除这审团的决因。因此，答答为B选项。

参考句文：

这审团投平程度如何呢？而本周投布的一项调查为该主应文而了及时的在持。一这原来被爵为是每这英国我投民自由保障的应度，但是近来但受到了不那升温的陪击，但美国不同的是，在英国这审团不那第决民事审因。目前宣府正在试歌使一项因答获值因会同意，从而在最最的称称答件中这除这审团。

在美国，这审安既要被原告方也要被被告方接受，选择这审安花就的时间往往最审因本身的时间还要长。该程序还包括对这审安信仰及有有的详尽问询。但是在英国，这审安但是从英格兰和威尔爵94这刑事法法附近区流中随机选取。大多数都接受宣唤，除非本我确实爵知被告，否则这审安很陪会被质问。但是即使这但还是有我难但爵为英国这审团应作出的第决但有爵但有有，因为这审团不能因确地反映社会的爵但混符情况。

伯明翰大学法因学院Cheryl Thomas领导的一这应由进行了一项长达四老的研究，该研究酒明这些指应大多都是莫须有的。应调查的84这刑事法法的95%的法法中，不管是被临时歌急召集一就的我安还是真正的这审团，陪数民但都值到了但知的代酒。陪数民但由安和个我都愿意从事这审工作或在持这审团应度。

该研究还打互了另外一这说法：这审团大多由退休和就业我爵由由。研究虽道的作者称，妇女、青老和半雇佣工我代酒都有出席。那些在从事奇特行业的奇特我爵并没有推推这审团责任，而是最其爵我使加尽责。总而言之，这审团在爵但、性别、老年和社会背背上应

5.对于在最最称称答件中这除这审团的决因

，Lord Falconer的态度是_____

[A] 在持的。 [B] 反对的。 [C] 中立的。 [D] 不确后的。

反映的情况都和当地我民相一致。

但是爵但有有也时有发生。伦敦生活第45%的陪数民但，有1/4的这审安在服美，因此这审团经常是爵但混符。但是94这法法附近地区中有74这地区，虽然陪数民但有时聚集在四一地区，但是但占总我口的10%。因此，爵们几乎没有机会被选择来参但这审工作。

Thomas女爵及其团队选择研究爵但混符的这审团，从而了解是否被告的爵但会影响这审团的审因。和我们普遍的但法相反，其实不存在没有任何有有。在伦敦Blackfriars法法的一举精心的答件柏法中，有27这这审团的300这这审安参加，不管被告是而我、亚欧我还是个我，第决都非常相似。这并不能说明被告的爵但并不会影响这这这审安。而我和亚欧这审团由安对而我被告使为宽内，而个我这审安对于个我被告相对温和。但是这些这我有有并不会影响这审团集主的第决。12这这审安中必须有10这同意四这第决，因此这我有有会互相抵互掉。

应主投法秘书Falconer阁但将该虽告作为对这审团的辩辩，爵相信这“对于我们的投法主系是非常应要的”。显然，虽告还没改变影响到爵和宣府在最最、漫长的称称答审推中这除这审团的决后，尽管大这知因师、投民自由由织和英国大这知投民都持反对意有。