分词独立主格结构
一、分词独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式
1.分词独立主格结构概念:由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,
2.分词独立主格结构功能:用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组,相当于副词的功能。,
3.分词独立主格结构的构成:名词或代词+分词或分词短语构
分词或分词短语构的逻辑主语是之前的名词或代词,这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,
4.分词独立主格结构位置:相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开,常考的位置是主句前。
需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
例如:
1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobodycould make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his headresting upon his left
forearm.(他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。)
3)The coward was backing,his facebeing deathly pale,toward another room.
(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去,脸色煞白。)5.独立主格结构可以和状语从句或两个简单句来代替。例如,上述例句可变为:
1)Becausenight enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(原因状语从句)
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His headrested upon his left forearm.(简单句)
3)The cowardwas backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.(简单句)二、分词独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。并且可以和状语从句相互转换。
1.作时间状语
1)My shoesremoved,I entered a low-ceilinged room.=After myshoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room.(我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间。)
2.作条件状语
1)Weatherpermitting,theywill go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.=
==If weather permits,they will goon an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。)
2)Such beingthe case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.===If such isthe case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。)
3.作原因状语
1)The stormdrawing near,the worker decided to call it a day.===Since thestorm was drawing near,the worker decided to call it a day.(由于暴风雨即将来临,那个工人决定收工。)
4.作伴随状语
1)I took myticket,and marched up the platform,the peoplefalling back respectfully on either side.===I took myticket,and marched up the plat-form, andthe people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿着车票,跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。)
三、分词独立主格结构形式-----现在分词独立主格结构和过去分词独立主格结构
1.现在分词独立主格结构(5种具体考试形式)
1)逻辑主语+being +形容词
Weather being hot,we all want to have cold boiledwater. ===Since weather is hot, we all want to have cold boiled water.(由于天气炎热,我们都想喝凉开水)
2)逻辑主语+doing
Weather permitting, we will goon outing to the beach tomorrow. ====Ifweather permits, wewill go on outing to the beach tomorrow.
(如果天气允许,我们明天将会去海边郊游)
3)逻辑主语+beingdone
The paper being graded, allof us have been waiting for the score anxiously. == Since the paper is being graded, all of us have been waiting for thescore anxiously. (由于试卷正在被批改,我们所有人都焦急的等待着成绩)
4)逻辑主语 +having done
The meeting having lasted for three hours, allof us feel sleepy. ==Since themeeting has lasted for three hours, all of us feel sleepy.(由于会议已经持续了三个小时,我们所有人都犯困)
5)逻辑主语+havingbeen done
The meeting having been postponed, weare going to go outing.===Since the meeting has been postponed, we aregoing to go outing.。(由于会议被推迟,我们将外出郊游)
The speech having been delivered, alively discussion started. ===After the speech had been delivered, a lively discussion started.(演讲被发表完之后,热烈的讨论开始了)
2.过去分词独立主格结构(只有1种考试形式)
1)逻辑主语+ done
The plan successfully carried out, everythingworked out perfectly. ===Since the plan was carried out successfully, everything worked out perfectly. (计划被成功的实施,一切进展顺利)
四、分词独立主格结构的特殊形式: 带with的独立主格结构
with常常用在独立主格结构前,构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with通常表示原因,。请看例句:
Theywent home with the work completed. (由于工作已经完成,他们都回家了)
Ican’t write downwith you standing behind me. (由于你站在我身边,我记不下来)
五、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略独立主格结构是一常考项目,在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。
例如:
1)All flights_________,we decidedto take a greyhound.
A.were canceled B.had been canceled
C.having canceled D.having been canceled
2)The production________steadily,the factoryneeds an ever-increasing supply of raw material.
A.has gone up B.is going up
C.having gone up D.being gone up
此类题型的解题策略,首先看空的位置,挖空的位置会出现在一个完整句子(主句)的句首、句中、句尾。同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词,是否用逗号隔开。
1.若有逗号,并且有连接词。选项部分可能会构成状语从句(因为状语从句必须由从属连词引导)。
例如:1)原句子Since he was ill, he didn’t appearedin the meeting.
试题:Since _________ he didn’t appeared in the meeting.本句中已经有连接词Since,表示原因,是状语从句,而不是独立主格结构。
2.若有逗号而无连接词,则可对选项部分作如下初步判断:
1)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语(但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语)。
例如:原句子hearing the good news,he jumpedwith joy.
试题:__________he jumped with joy.
本题中很显然是考试分词充当状语,因为hear的逻辑主语是he.而不是hear没有独立的逻辑主语。
2)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构(独立主格结构有自己的主语,并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子)。
例如:原句子The sun rising,we have a good mood.
试题:有两种形式 其一:The sun ________,we have a good mood.
其二:________________,we have a good mood.
第一种很显然有逻辑主语,很容易想到独立主格结构。
第二种容易和分词充当状语搞混淆。关键看动词hear的主语是独立的还是与后面主语是一致的。如果是独立的,就是独立主格结构,如果一致,分词充当状语。
上述例题1)中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子,但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导,与主句之间也无连接词,因而是错误的,应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构,作原因状语,但根据题意,应选D,因为“班机”是“被取消”的。同样,例题2)中的选项A和B与名词 the production构成了句子,但该句无连接词连接两个句子,因而应排除。选项C和D与 the production都可构成独立主格结构,作原因状语,但根据题意,“产量在稳步增长”,在逻辑上是主谓关系,应用主动语态,所以应选C。
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