高考英语提分题型专练：专题四 任务型阅读

专题四 任务型阅读

题组一

Passage 1 (2019江苏南通一模)

Life can be overwhelming (令人不知所措的). We want to do as much as we can, see the world, learn new things—and it can all get a bit too much. Sometimes we reach a point when we feel that we can no longer be interested in everything. We have to shut some of life out, and we don’t like that. We are living under the false assumption that to know anything worthwhile takes years of study, so we might as well forget it.

But something inside us rebels. We still want to learn new things and make new things. They don’t have to be big things. Coping with too big a challenge can be daunting (吓人的). The secret is to be a “micromaster” by perfecting lots and lots of small things—for a big payoff.

A micromastery is a self-contained unit of doing, complete in itself, but connected to a greater field. You can perfect that single thing and move on to bigger things. A micromastery is the way we learn as kids. You never absorb all the fundamentals straight away—you learn one cool thing, then another. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has written about “flow”—a state in which time seems to be suspended because our involvement in what we’re doing is so great. A micromastery, because it is repeatable without being repetitious, has all the elements that allow us to enter a flow state, which produces great contentment.

As we get older our default setting (默认设置) becomes “off” not “on”. We stop getting interested in new things because we haven’t got enough time or energy. This is an excuse but who can blame us when we hear we need 10,000 hours to “master” something. A micromastery slices through all the excuses. You start with something so small and easy that it doesn’t impact on your life except positively.

We envy the person who has a perfect French accent, who can roll a kayak, or compose a poem that isn’t laughable, who can lay a brick wall that doesn’t fall down. These are regarded as hard things to learn which mean a greater mastery of the field concerned. But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then—and only then—do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.

Seeing the world in terms of micromasteries makes anything seem possible. Fancy bookbinding? Yoga? Tap dancing or tank driving? All have their micromasteries. It’s very liberating—you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job. You will start, in a small way, to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.

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●We are too 1 to accomplish everything we are interested in and sometimes have An annoying to make a trade-off. situation ●We take it for granted that anything worthwhile doesn’t have an 2 payoff, so we might as well forget it. A practical ●Instead of accomplishing big things, the secret is to be a micromaster by starting approach 3 . ●It is connected to a greater field. We can 4 upon small successes to achieve greatness. ●It enables us to have a good command of important things in a 5 way. Facts about a ●It can help enter a flow state when we are 6 in what we are doing. micromastery ●For the adults who lack time and energy to try new things, it can have a 7 impact on their lives. ●Instead of envying the achievers, we can 8 the unknown world by starting with the test piece. Conclusion 答案

[语篇解读] 这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了要得到满意的生活,不能一下子做太大的事,也不能一次做太多的事。我们可以从小事做起,做一个小事情的主人,然后循序渐进。

1.ambitious/greedy 根据第一段第一、二句Life can be overwhelming (令人不知所措的). We want to do as much as we can, see the world, learn new things—and it can all get a bit too much.可知,我们过于贪心或野心过大,无法完成我们感兴趣的每一件事,因此有时我们不得不做出妥协。此处为too...to...结构,根据原句意思可概括出ambitious/greedy。

2.immediate/instant 根据第一段最后一句We are living under the false assumption that to know anything worthwhile takes years of study, so we might as well forget it.可知,我们错误地认为任何有价值的事情都需要多年的学习,即不会立刻有回报,故填immediate/instant。

3.small 根据第二段最后一句The secret is to be a “micromaster” by perfecting lots and lots of small things—for a big payoff.可知,与其成就大事,还不如从小事做起,故填small。

4.depend/rely/count/rest/base 根据第三段第二句You can perfect that single thing and move on to bigger things.可知,我们可以完美地做好一件小事,然后再去做更大的事,即我们依靠小成功来取得伟大的成就。此处可用depend/rely/count/rest/base和upon搭配,表示依靠,依赖,以……为基础。

●A micromastery can help us to liberate our minds and 9 our boundaries. ●For a satisfied life, be a 10 of small things. 2

5.gradual/steady/slow 根据第三段第四句...you learn one cool thing, then another.可知,我们先学一件东西,然后另一件,即micromastery可以使我们逐渐、慢慢地掌握重要的东西,gradual逐渐的;steady稳步的;slow慢慢的,都符合语境,故填gradual/steady/slow。

6.involved/absorbed/buried 根据第三段第五句Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has written about “flow”—a state in which time seems to be suspended because our involvement in what we’re doing is so great.可知,当我们参与到我们正在做的事情中去时,micromastery可以帮助我们进入一种“流”状态。原文用了名词involvement,此处根据结构应用be involved in。另外be absorbed/buried in 都可以表示专心致志于某事,故填involved/absorbed/buried。

7.positive 根据第四段最后一句You start with something so small and easy that it doesn’t impact on your life except positively.可知,对于缺乏时间和精力去尝试新事物的成年人,从小事、容易的事做起可以对他们的生活产生积极的影响。原文用了副词positively,根据空格后的名词impact,此处应用形容词positive。

8.explore 根据倒数第二段第三句But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then—and only then—do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.可知,与其羡慕成功者,不如试着去探索未知的世界。learn anything more about the new world即explore the world,故填explore。

9.extend/stretch/push/break 根据最后一段第六句It’s very liberating—you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job.可知,micromastery可以帮助我们思想、扩展我们的边界。故填extend/stretch/push/break。

10.master/controller/commander 根据最后一段最后一句You will start, in a small way, to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.可知,要得到满意的生活,并不是一生就做一件(大事),而是从小事做起,即做一个小事情的主人,master/controller/commander都符合语境。 Passage 2(2019江苏苏锡常镇教学情况调研)

Sorry seems to be the hardest word. So Elton John sang on one of his biggest 1970s hits—but not every public figure seems to find it so tough to let out that powerful five-letter word.

In recent months varieties of public figures, from politicians, to Hollywood actors and YouTube stars have all publicly expressed regrets.

But with floods of regrets on the airwaves, just how can we tell a forced apology from a heartfelt expression?

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In its purest form, saying sorry should be an “act of regrets, the realization that something you have said or done has hurt someone and you want to repair it”, says psychologist Geraldine Joaquim.

Made early, a sincere apology can be hugely beneficial and can “relieve the tension and takes the wind out of an accuser’s sails”, she says.

A need to say sorry can arise in someone’s public life and equally at home with their family and friends but, whatever the environment is, how well it is accepted depends on how personalized it feels.

From businesses, governments and organizations, a scripted response will fail to resonate (引起共鸣) as it will not convey empathy (同理心) and sympathy.

Whether online or in person, the timing and choice of language in an apology are decisive factors. “It is important to show that you understand and sympathize,” says Martin Stone, of PR agency Tank. “It is vital that any business or individual making an apology understands the focus—is it sorry for the way it’s acted or is it sorry that the complainant feels the way they do?”

Performed apologies always have a sense of being “acted out”, and are often accompanied by too many theatrical gestures. If sincere, the person making the apology will be looking for listening clues to see if they are being understood, such as eye contact and facial expressions. They will provide “humbling (谦卑的) signals”, such as a lowered head, to indicate regrets.

It is also important to avoid irresponsible statements or promises that can’t be kept. “Don’t say that you’ll ensure that this will not happen again if you’re not confident it won’t. It could come back to bite you,” Stone explains.

Equally, the use of “but” can hugely change the tone of an apology.

As Stone points out, the expression “I’m sorry but...”sounds like you are making excuses and aren’t actually taking any form of responsibility. It may be three letters but it can instantly make an apology seem hollow. Passage outline Does sorry seem to be the most difficult word? Detailed information For some, it seems to be a 1 nut to crack while for others, it is just a piece of cake. ●There being a storm of regrets on the airwaves, it is hard to make a 2 Is it a heartfelt apology? between a sincere apology and a forced one. ●In its purest form, an apology means offering regrets, which can be hugely beneficial if 3 early. ●A scripted apology from businesses, governments and organizations doesn’t 4

resonate, thus being 4 to convey empathy and sympathy. ●Whatever the environment is, the 5 to which an apology is accepted depends on how personalized it feels. ● 6 you say sorry is one decisive factor. The earlier you say sorry, the sooner the complainant will feel it. How can we make a heartfelt apology? ●The choice of your 7 language is the other decisive factor. You are not 8 out the apology. You should provide humbling signals to indicate regrets. ●Be 9 for the statements or promises you make. Don’t say anything that can’t be kept. ●Never find 10 for your wrong behavior with “but”. 答案

[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。道歉不是一件容易的事。不少公众人物都曾经向公众道歉,但是被迫的道歉和真心实意的道歉之间有很大的区别。文章介绍了真心实意道歉的决定性因素。 1.hard/tough 根据第一段第二句So Elton John sang on one of his biggest 1970s hits—but not every public figure seems to find it so tough to let out that powerful five-letter word.可知,像Elton John一类的人觉得道歉很难,但是不是每个公众人物都觉得说出sorry一词很难。a hard/tough nut to crack难办的事,棘手的问题,符合文章意思。故填hard/tough。

2.distinction 此题对应原文第三段内容,第三段中的tell...from...可转换成短语make a distinction between...and...。故填名词distinction。

3.made 根据第五段中Made early, a sincere apology can be hugely beneficial...可知,早点道歉有好处。再根据短语make an apology可知,表格中if 后补充完整为if an apology is made early。此处为省略结构,故填made。

4.unable 根据第七段内容可知,照稿子念的答复不能引起共鸣。原文中的fail to可转换成be unable to。故填unable。

5.extent/degree 根据第六段内容可知,人们接受道歉到何种程度取决于道歉是否个性化;再根据原句中的how well以及空格后的to which可推断,此句利用短语to a/some degree/extent“到某种程度”。故填degree或extent。

6.When 根据第八段Whether online or in person, the timing and choice of language in an apology are decisive factors.可知,时机的掌握和语言的选择是道歉的决定性因素。再根据设空处后面的一句The earlier you say sorry, the sooner the complainant will feel it.可知,此条内容是关于道歉的时机。空格为主语从句的引导词,故填When,构成主语从句When you say sorry。注意首字母大写。 7.body 根据第十段内容可知,道歉时,肢体语言的选择也很重要,故填body。

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8.acting 根据第十段第一句Performed apologies always have a sense of being “acted out”...可知,此处表示“你不是在表演(act out)道歉”;再根据空格前的are可知,此空格应用act的现在分词形式,故填acting。

9.responsible 根据倒数第三段第一句It is also important to avoid irresponsible statements or promises...可知,要为自己说过的话、做过的承诺负责。此处应用文章原句中irresponsible的反义词,故填responsible。

10.excuses 根据最后一段第一句...sounds like you are making excuses and aren’t actually taking any form of responsibility.可知,在道歉时说but听起来就像是在找借口。因此不要用but一词为自己的错误找借口。故填excuses。注意需用复数形式。 Passage 3(2018江苏苏北七市联考)

We all have complaints about going to work. It’s expected: work takes up the majority of our waking day and it very much defines us. We often use our jobs as an introduction and a window into our lives when we meet someone—a job reflects who we are. It influences the clothes we wear, the holidays we take, where we live and how we feel about ourselves. Of course, it takes up sizeable amounts of time, focus and energy. We complain about getting on that rush-hour train or the way the boss speaks; we laugh about the pain of Monday mornings and the thrill of annual leave. But for many people, work has ceased to be simply a source of complaints or a joke.

But haven’t there always been tough roles, heavy workloads or overtime? Why has this work-related illness arisen now? From the research that has been carried out on this subject, the workload is consistently cited as the most common reason for this ill health.

But as our jobs are not going to change any time soon, it’s time to change ourselves. Mental-health experts often talk about resilience: the ability to cope, survive and bounce back from difficulties. Some abilities are inborn, but resilience can be built and fostered(培养)—and certainly so in one’s working life.

We know that resilience at work is partly fostered by supportive relationships. So it is important to nurture healthy interpersonal relationships at work, whether that is through the support of a good manager or through friendship with work colleagues. Any supportive relationship you invest in at work will improve your stress level.

Resilience can also be fostered by taking control. That is not easy in the face of a demanding boss or terrible workloads, so you might need to look for it elsewhere. Being able to take control in other areas of your life also leads to empowerment and grows your confidence. Control or change your journey to work, what you have for lunch or even who you sit with in the canteen.

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Small changes may seem trivial(微不足道的), but they are super effective. Psychologists talk about micro-actions and these are incredibly powerful in the face of stress—changing controllable aspects of your life so that those repeated small successes foster self-esteem, confidence and ultimately more success in the bigger areas of your life. It is also crucial not to let everything become related to work. Look for micro-successes elsewhere, in your hobbies, your exercise goals and your life plan.

Our work appears to be making more and more of us unwell. But we all have the ability to make ourselves better.

How to stay well in the office Passage outline Supporting details ◆A job reflects our 1 and influences many 2 of our lives. Basic facts ◆It is understandable that people have 3 feelings about work. ◆The workload is to blame for a 4 in the work-related illness nowadays. Experts’ view Ways to build resilience We can’t expect our jobs to change 5 , but we can change ourselves by building resilience. ◆Resilience can be fostered by developing good supportive relationships with colleagues or superiors. Our 6 in any relationship will pay off eventually. ◆Resilience can also be fostered by taking control of whatever is within easy 7 . ◆We can 8 upon small successes to achieve greatness. ◆We shouldn’t 9 our changes within work. Instead, we should try to seek more Conclusion successes in other areas of our life. ◆Though the workload appears to make us unwell, we can turn the situation in our 10 . 答案

[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。我们既抱怨工作又因为工作而欢笑,但是对很多人来说,工作不仅仅是抱怨或开玩笑的话题,因为工作量被认为是生病的常见原因。我们并不能轻易改变工作,但是可以改变自己,因为复原力是可以培养的。文章介绍了提高复原力、在工作中保持健康的方法。 1.identity 根据第一段第三句...a job reflects who we are.可知,工作反映我们的身份。故填identity。 2.aspects/areas 根据第一段第四句It influences the clothes we wear, the holidays we take, where we live and how we feel about ourselves.可知,工作影响我们的衣着、假期、居住地点、自我感受等各个方面。aspect方面,area领域,均符合题意。根据空格前的many可知应填复数形式aspects或areas。

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3.mixed 根据第一段第六句We complain about getting on that rush-hour train...;we laugh about the pain of Monday mornings...可知,人们对工作的态度既有抱怨又有自嘲,因此对工作的感情是复杂的、混合的。故填mixed。

4.rise 根据第二段第二、三句Why has this work-related illness arisen now...the workload is consistently cited as the most common reason for this ill health.可知,工作量不断成为相关疾病的原因。a rise in...在……方面的上升。故填rise。

5.immediately/instantly/directly/soon/shortly/swiftly/promptly 根据第三段第一句But as our jobs are not going to change any time soon...可知,我们不能马上或快速地换工作。表示“马上”和“迅速”意思的副词均可作为答案,故填immediately/instantly/directly/soon/shortly/swiftly/promptly。 6.investment(s) 根据第四段最后一句Any supportive relationship you invest in at work will improve your stress level.可知,我们对任何关系的投资最终会让我们从中受益。空格为句子主语,应用名词。文章原句中invest的名词形式为investment,此句中单复数均可。故填investment或investments。 7.reach 根据第五段内容可知,复原力可以通过提高控制力来培养。面对要求高的老板和高强度的工作量,你很难控制,所以可以去控制生活中的其他方面,也就是自己可以掌控的事,比如上班的路程、午饭吃什么以及和谁一起吃。within easy reach接近,靠近。故填reach。

8.build/depend/rely/count/rest 根据第六段第一句Small changes may seem trivial, but they are super effective.以及第二句中those repeated small successes foster self-esteem, confidence and ultimately more success可知,微小的成功能让我们培养自尊、自信,最终让我们获得更大的成功。因此我们可以依靠小成功来获得更大的成功。动词build/depend/rely/count/rest均可与on搭配,且符合题意。故填build/depend/rely/count/rest。

9.restrict/limit 根据第六段最后一句Look for micro-successes elsewhere, in your hobbies, your exercise goals and your life plan.可知,改变不要局限在工作中,还可以是兴趣爱好、锻炼目标和人生规划。动词restrict和limit均可表示“局限,”。故填restrict/limit。

10.favour 根据最后一段最后一句But we all have the ability to make ourselves better.可知,我们可以把情况改变,使之有利于我们。in one’s favour对某人有利。故填favour。

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题组二

Passage 1(2019江苏无锡检测)

Small Talk May Make Us Happier

Small talk. Chit-chat. These are the short conversations we have at parties, while we are waiting in line at the store, at family events or at work. Sometimes we make small talk with people we already know but not well. Often we have to make small talk with complete strangers. Many people find these small conversations about random topics difficult. Some people say they hate it. Others say small talk is a waste of time. They may even call it inactive chit-chat or inactive chatter, meaning it doesn’t do anything. They consider small talk unimportant.

However, small talk is important.

These exchanges can open doors that may lead to larger, more meaningful conversations. When you first meet someone or talk to someone you don’t know well, it would be awkward to begin a conversation. However, small talk does help. Small talk also gives you the chance to decide if you want to get to know that person better or not. Chit-chat can also increase your feeling of understanding of people you know but not well. Chatting with a colleague about their child may help you to understand more of their life outside the office. This could help build healthy work relationships. Small talk could even help our larger communities—our relationships with neighbors and colleagues.

However, some people are not good at small talk. Making small talk doesn’t have to be either awkward or boring. Here are some tips to improve your small-talking ability.

Have some conversation starters ready.

If you have seen a really good movie or have read a really good book, you can talk about that. You can talk about something that you recently learned. When you are sharing the same experience with someone, it’s easy to start a conversation. You simply notice and comment on what’s going on around you. For example, if you are at a party and a song comes on that you like or that reminds you of something, you can talk about that.

Ask open-ended questions.

These types of questions require more thought and more than a simple one-word answer. If you ask questions that need more details to answer, the conversation will go on longer. For example, if you are at a summer pool party, don’t ask a person if they like summer. Instead, ask them what they like or dislike about summer. So, instead of getting a one-word answer, you might have the chance to share in a memory.

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Become a student.

Nobody knows everything. So, as someone is answering one of your open-ended questions, they bring up something about which you know nothing. So, tell them! This lets the other person become the teacher. They feel good about sharing their knowledge and you get to learn something. It’s a win-win situation.

Don’t ask “So, what do you do?”

Some people do not like their jobs. Or maybe they don’t want to talk about it. So, instead of asking, “What do you do for a living?” you may ask something like, “So, what have you been doing these days?” or “So, what have you been up to?” One general question can lead to an opportunity to share something you have in common. So, ask questions. Ask people about their families, their ambitions or even their fears. However, balance these questions with comments about yourself. Asking too many questions may make people feel they are in an interview rather than in a conversation.

Like anything else, getting good at making small talk takes practice. If you make small talk in your native language, you might become happier. If you make small talk in English, you will most definitely improve your speaking and listening skills. Outline Supporting details • Small talk or chit-chat is a short conversation we usually conduct on different 1 Introduction with different people. • Small talk draws a mix of 2 and criticism among public. Significance of small talk Small talk is the foundation of spiritual communication which not only helps you break the 3 when staying with strangers, but also helps establish a healthy relationship with them. • Make 5 for some conversation starters. We’d better talk about things that we’re 6 with, for similar experiences can make a conversation easier to start. 4 to improving small-talking ability • Ask open-ended questions. A general question will probably 7 your conversations, while open-ended questions will make your conversations last longer. • Become a student. Be honest and modest in something new. A win-win situation will 8 after mutual sharing and learning. • Don’t ask “So, what do you do?” Balance questions with comments about ourselves and 9 talking about something 10

people dislike. • Practice makes perfect! Conclusion Small talk in native language can bring 10 a sense of happiness, and small talk in English can improve your oral English. 答案

[语篇解读] 本文主要说明闲聊很重要,这种交流可以打开我们通向更广泛、更有意义对话的大门。而且闲聊可能会让我们更加快乐。最后文章向读者介绍几个提高闲聊能力的技巧。 1.occasions 根据第一段中的“These are the short conversations we have at parties, while we are waiting in line at the store, at family events or at work.”可知,寒暄、闲聊是在不同场合和不同人进行的简短对话。故这里用occasions“场合”。

2.praise 根据第一段和第三段的内容可知,一些人认为闲聊没用,然而有些人认为闲聊是非常重要的,有很多的好处。可知闲聊在公众中会引起赞扬和批评,故这里用praise。

3.ice 根据第三段中的“When you first meet someone or talk to someone you don’t know well, it would be awkward to begin a conversation. However,small talk does help.Small talk also gives you the chance to decide if you want to get to know that person better or not. Chit-chat can also increase your feeling of understanding of people you know but not well.”可知当你第一次见到某人或是跟不太熟悉的人对话时,闲聊可以让你有机会决定是否想要进一步了解那个人;闲聊还能增进你对不太熟悉的人的了解或共鸣。和陌生人待在一起时,闲聊可以打破僵局。break the ice打破僵局,打破冷场。故这里用ice。

4.Approaches 根据第四段中的“Here are some tips to improve your small-talking ability.”以及下文,再根据右栏可知,这里介绍了提高闲聊技巧的一些方法。故这里用Approaches。

5.preparations 根据第一条建议的标题Have some conversation starters ready. 准备好一些开场白。此处使用短语make preparations for为……做准备,故填preparations。

6.familiar 根据第五段的内容,如果你看过一部很好的电影或是读过一本很好的书,你可以谈一谈这些。你可以谈谈自己最近学到的东西。当你跟别人分享相同的体验时,就很容易开启对话。可知闲聊时最好谈论相互熟悉的事情,因为相同的经历很容易开启对话。所以用固定搭配be familiar with熟悉,故填familiar。

7.end/close 根据第二条建议Ask open-ended questions.部分的内容“These types of questions require more thought and more than a simple one-word answer. If you ask questions that need more details to answer, the conversation will go on longer.”这些开放性的问题需要更多的思考,而不是简单回复一两个字。如果你提出那些需要详细回答的问题,对话就会持续更久。可知常规的问题可能会结束对话,而开放性的问题会让对话持续更长。故这里用end/close。

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8.arise/appear 根据第三条建议Become a student.部分的内容“They feel good about sharing their knowledge and you get to learn something. It’s a win-win situation.”他们很高兴分享他们的知识,而你会学到一些东西。这是一种双赢局面。可知在相互的分享和学习之后会出现双赢的局面。故这里用arise/appear。

9.avoid 根据文章第四条建议Don’t ask “So, what do you do?”中所举的例子,可知要避免问人们不喜欢的问题。故这里用avoid。

10.about 根据最后一段的内容If you make small talk in your native language, you might become happier. 如果你用母语闲聊,你可能会变得更加快乐。这里考查固定短语bring about造成,引起。可知这里用about。

Passage 2(2019江苏扬州中学开学考试)

In a broad sense, migration is usually defined as “permanent or semi-permanent change of residence”. Although movements within nations (internal migration) often exceed movements between nations (international migration) in volume, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.

Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors.

Associated with the place of destination, pull factors are mostly economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.

Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening obstacles”. Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.

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The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and terribly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.

Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

Migration Passage outline Supporting details Broad 1 of migration Migration is permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. 2 people move within nations than between nations, yet their motives are alike. Push factors 3 to find a suitable job or suffering from wars or natural disasters, people are likely to leave their homeland. 4 by pull factors, people are desperate for more chances to live a Pull factors Factors in migration better life in the place of destination. Earlier settlers tend to offer help to new migrants, greatly 5 migration flow. Intervening 6 as push and pull factors might be, intervening obstacles seems obstacles more difficult for some to 7 . Personal factors Impacts of migration 答案

[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了移民的定义、原因及影响。 1.definition 根据右栏对移民一词的释义,可知填definition“定义”。

International migration may be interesting to those unmarried but not to those with a family; the same 8 of picking up a foreign language may make one excited but another frightened. As a result of large numbers of the newest arrivals, conflicts between them and the natives will 9 . It usually takes long for the newcomers to 10 in with the mainstream of the host country. 13

2.More 根据第一段中的movements within nations (internal migration) often exceed movements between nations (international migration) in volume国内移民规模超过国外可知,此处应填More。 3.Unable 根据第二段中的difficulty in finding a suitable job找到适合的工作有困难可知,此处表示不能够做某事,即(be) unable to do,注意首字母大写,故填Unable。

4.Motivated/Influenced 根据第三段中的pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being拉动因素明显增加了好日子和物质财富的机会,即被拉动因素影响或激励,用过去分词,故填Motivated/Influenced。

5.promoting 根据第三段最后一句Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.早期的定居者往往主动帮助新的移民者,这大大地促进了移民流的发展,且promote的逻辑主语是主句的主语,故填现在分词promoting。

6.Strong 根据第四段中的Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong可知此处为倒装句型,且注意首字母大写,填Strong。

7.overcome 根据第四段中的they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles它们仍可能会被干扰性障碍压倒,可见难以克服,故填overcome。

8.thought/prospect 根据第五段中的The prospect of...(一想到)可知答案。

9.arise/occur/appear 根据最后一段中的migration of large numbers of people causes conflict大量的新移民的到来引发了与当地人的冲突可知,故填 arise/occur/appear。

10.fit 根据最后一段中的It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.要融入或适应东道主国主流社会需要很长时间,用搭配fit in with,故填fit。

Passage 3(2018启东中学高三调研)

The benefits of being an independent business are truly great. Beyond the rewarding nature of owning something truly unique, small businesses have the edge over their big business counterparts in many areas. Consider the importance of being independent and how that independence can help run your business.

To some, having fewer customers simply means less cash flow;however, having a smaller base also allows you to focus more on customer satisfaction.

Companies are always searching for ways to improve customer service and have more of their business. Whether through paying special attention to who comes through your door or monitoring your customers through the social network, it’s less of a hassle(麻烦) to make sure your customers’ needs are

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being met when there’s a smaller sample to deal with. In addition, it becomes much easier to create a personal connection with buyers when you have enough time and attention to show them some love.

Small businesses have an inherent advantage over their big box competitors in the sense that they can offer something different. People want to see the independent businesses that offer unique products and flavor to their communities. Your business can be the difference when it comes to what customers want.

Of course, big box companies will almost always beat you down when it comes to price. Consider, however, that if you can offer a truly unique product or experience, price becomes much less of an issue.

People like the idea of supporting local independent businesses versus “the big guys”. So, what businesses are booming due to the rise of indies?

Craft Beer(精酿啤酒) —The craft beer movement in the United States is supported so widely that big breweries have taken to creating their own competing “craft beer” brands in an attempt to follow the trend. While Anheuser-Busch represents nearly half of America’s breweries, craft beer has seen a huge jump in sales in recent years.

Video Games—Whether through PCs, traditional consoles or mobile phones, independent developers are supported by enthusiastic fans and micro-transactions in an industry that was formerly dominated by bigger developers.

Musicians—The Web offers immense opportunities to musicians, resulting in more economic and artistic freedom. A surprising number of mainstream artists have seen great success from their independent releases, such as Macklemore’s The Heist, which has sold over one million copies in the United States alone.

Some small businesses don’t want to be small businesses forever. Regardless, consider what independence does for you and your company. If you offer something out of the ordinary, you can build an audience that respects your individuality and supports your cause.

The benefits of being an independent business Your focus on A smaller sample of customers makes it easy to 2 customers’ needs. customer 1 something completely different With enough time and attention, an independent business owner finds it easier to connect with customers 3 . Being different can 5 a large number of active consumer groups. A really unique product or experience can make customers take 6 less seriously. An offer of Small businesses can offer something 4 the ordinary to their communities. 15

In the USA, craft beer is very popular with people, having 7 well in recent years. The rise of businesses A chance to 10 your cause 答案

[语篇解读] 本文属于议论文,主要阐述了做生意的好处。

1.satisfaction 根据第二段“...having a smaller base also allows you to focus more on customer satisfaction.”中的satisfaction可知答案。

2.meet/satisfy 根据第三段的“...to make sure your customers’ needs are being met when there’s a smaller sample to deal with.”可推知此处表示满足顾客的需求,故填meet/satisfy。

3.personally “In addition, it becomes much easier to create a personal connection with buyers...”中的形容词personal转化成副词修饰动词短语。

4.beyond 根据第四段的“People want to see the independent businesses that offer unique products and flavor to their communities.”可知人们希望生意所提供的产品是独一无二的,故用介词短语beyond the ordinary,故可得出答案。

5.attract/mean 根据第四段可推知与众不同就会吸引大量的消费群体。

6.price 根据第五段的“if you can offer a truly unique product or experience, price becomes much less of an issue”中的price可知答案。

7.sold 根据第七段最后一句可知此处表示精酿啤酒卖得好,而且由having可知用过去分词形式。 8.used 根据第八段“...in an industry that was formerly dominated by bigger developers.”可知,这个产业原来被更大的开发商所控制,由formerly可知需要填used一词,构成used to do sth.结构。 9.owe 根据第九段可知他们认为发行使他们获得了成功,owe...to...把……归功于……。 10.develop 根据最后一段可知,生产是发展自己的事业的机会,故填develop。 题组三

Passage 1 (2019江苏扬州联考)

Translation is an essential tool for communication between businesses, between companies and their customers, between organizations, and between countries. The most common way to get a translation done is to go through a translation agency or a translator. But the past few years have seen the

Independent game developers gain the support of fans in an industry that 8 to be A surprising number of mainstream artists 9 great success to their independent releases. For some small businesses, independence can attract a group of people that respect and support them. independent in the control of bigger developers. 16

appearance of a new type of translators: machine translators. Nowadays a person can point his smartphone at a sign in downtown Japan and a machine translation app will display the text on the sign in English. So, with such advanced technology being created, the question arises—will human translators be jobless in future?

When talking about machine translation we all think of Google Translate first; for one thing, it is the most famous one with more than 500 million users worldwide. It is a huge number compared to human translators: over 330,000 translators internationally which is just 0.0045% of the world

population. Google Translate translates 100 billion words per day, that is, 41,666,666 words per hour, in comparison, 250 words per hour are translated by professionals. On average human translation of 1 word equals to $0.11, which means that if we gave the job done by Google Translate to professionals they would have daily jobs of 10,000 words which multiplied by $0.11 is $1,100 a day.

It seems that machine translators have taken the lead in the competition with humans. However, not everything in the garden is roses. Not every language is offered by machine translation tools: while Google’s translation gives plenty of languages, what if your required language isn’t on the list?

The biggest complaint regarding machine translation is that it may even basically provide a literal, word-for-word translation. The translation, even though it may be comprehensible, will not sound natural at all, will not be well-structured and may not keep the original meaning. In a contest held by a Korean university, Google Translate went up against a group of human translators. Google’s translations only scored 28 out of 60 possible points while the humans’ scored much better, with a high score of 49 out of 60.

Unlike a machine, when doing translation, a human translator must take into account the style of the source text: context, humor, irony, and idiomatic expressions. Missing the spirit and aesthetic(美学的)character of the source text is less excusable than a few errors in translation of words. Content that is targeted to a specific audience requires a more comprehensive understanding of the messaging. Unlike machines, humans understand when to be literal and when to paraphrase(意译)for their audience.

Machine translating technology is getting better day by day, but it has a long way to go before being perfect. It is likely that in the future human translators will work alongside machine translators and use the software produced translation as an aid or a guide, in order to produce their own translations. But only if we provide improvement.

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Will Machine Translation 1 Human Translation? 2 of human translation Challenges facing machine translation Conclusion 答案

[语篇解读] 本文主要讲述了机器翻译与人工翻译的对比。

1.Replace 根据第一段中的“...will human translators be jobless in future?” 可知翻译机器的出现对翻译工作者是一种挑战,在将来机器翻译是否能取代人工翻译?文章在下文进行了讲述,故用动词replace。注意首字母大写。

2.Disadvantages/Drawbacks 第二段主要讲述了与机器翻译相比,人工翻译的缺点。再根据右栏可知,故填Disadvantages/Drawbacks。

3.access 根据第二段中的“...over 330,000 translators internationally which is just 0.0045% of the world population.” 国际上只有33万名译者,占世界人口的0.0045%。可知只有少数人成为翻译者。根据空格可知此处是固定搭配have access to“使用,可以利用,有机会”,故填access。 4.expensive/costly/dear 根据第二段中的“On average human translation of 1 word equals to $0.11, which means that if we gave the job done by Google Translate to professionals they would have daily jobs of 10,000 words which multiplied by $0.11 is $ 1,100 a day.” 平均来说,1个字的人工翻译费用等于0.11美元,这意味着,如果我们把谷歌翻译所做的工作交给专业人员,他们每天1万字的工作 需要花费1,100美元。可知,与机器翻译相比,人工翻译是昂贵的,故填形容词expensive/costly/dear。

5.limited 根据第三段中的“Not every language is offered by machine translation tools:while Google’s translation gives plenty of languages, what if your required language isn’t on the list?” 不是每一种语言都是由机器翻译工具提供的:虽然谷歌的翻译提供了大量的语言,但如果您所要求的语言不在列表中呢?可知,机器翻译可以翻译的语言是有限的,故填形容词limited。

6.consistent 根据第四段中的“...will not be well-structured and may not keep the original meaning.” 机器翻译的东西也可能不与原来的意思一致。be consistent with与……一致,故填consistent。

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Only a small number of people can have 3 to human translators. Humans are slower than machines in completing translation. Human translation is 4 compared with machine translation. The languages that machine translators can translate are 5 . Machine translation may not be 6 with the original meaning. Human translators are better in preserving the 7 of the source text than machine translators. Machine translators cannot 8 their translation to a specific audience. Machine translators may 9 humans with translation work, but humans need to 10 it up.

7.style 根据第四段中的“Google’s translations only scored 28 out of 60 possible points while the humans’ scored much better, with a high score of 49 out of 60.” 谷歌的翻译只在60个可能得分中得了28分,而人类得分更高,60分的得分高达49分。可知,与机器翻译相比,人工翻译更好地保留了原文的风格,故填style。

8.adapt/adjust 根据第五段中的“Content that is targeted to a specific audience requires a more comprehensive understanding of the messaging. Unlike machines, humans understand when to be literal and when to paraphrase(意译)for their audience.” 针对特定受众的内容需要更全面地了解消息传递。与机器不同,人类理解什么时候翻译是字面的,什么时候对他们的听众进行意译。可知,机器翻译不能适应特定的听众,故填adapt/adjust。

9.help/aid/assist 根据最后一段中的“It is likely that in the future human translators will work alongside machine translators and use the software produced translation as an aid or a guide, in order to produce their own translations.” 在将来,人类译者很可能会与机器翻译一起工作,并使用软件制作的翻译作为帮助或指南,以产生自己的翻译。可知,翻译机器可以帮助人类的翻译工作。句中aid是名词,而空格处may后用动词原形,故填help/aid/assist。

10.polish 根据最后一段可知,翻译机器可以帮助人类的翻译工作,但需要人工润色,故填polish。 Passage 2(2019江苏常熟中学调研)

A new study by Lynne Vincent and Maryam Kouchaki demonstrates that believing that you are a creative person can create feelings of entitlement (权利) when you think that creativity is rare and valuable. That feeling of entitlement can be costly for you and your organization as it can cause you to be dishonest.

Many organizations now are recognizing the importance of creativity and are attempting to encourage their employees to be creative. However, there is a cost to that creativity when creativity is seen as a rare and unique attribute (属性). The findings in this study are based on several laboratory experiments, in addition to a study of employees and supervisor pairs.

While creativity is in most cases valued, such as other positive attributes, including practicality or intelligence, it may be overvalued compared to those other positive attributes because creativity is by definition (本质上) rare. That sense of rarity then creates a sense of entitlement. People see their creative efforts as special and valuable and feel that they are worthy of extra rewards for their creative efforts. That entitlement can cause them to steal in order to get the rewards.

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However, it is naive to assume that employees in companies that have developed a strong identity as creative, such as Apple, Google, and IDEO, would be necessarily more dishonest due to their creativity.

“The key to the relationship between creativity and dishonesty is the sense of rarity,” said Vincent. “When individuals identified themselves as creative and believed that creativity was rare, entitlement appeared. However, if individuals believed that creativity was common, that sense of entitlement was reduced.”

When people in the laboratory experiments believed that their creativity was rare compared to common, they were more likely to lie for money. However, when people believed that being practical was rare compared to common, the increased sense of psychological entitlement and dishonesty did not occur. The effect was seen in organizations too.

Although creativity is important in the business world, the dark side of creativity has only partly studied. However, as creativity is becoming more important for organizations, it is important for organizations to understand how to encourage creativity. Encouraging creativity in organizations is not as simple as telling employees to be creative. Defining what it means to be creative and what creativity means in that context is important. When people define creativity in terms of being rare and valuable, seeing yourself as a creative person can cause entitlement and dishonesty. However, if organizations define creativity as a common and everyday behavior or an attribute that many people can have, organizations may be able to encourage employee creativity without encouraging employee dishonesty.

The key to the relationship between creativity and dishonesty ● When thinking that creativity is rare and valuable, you will have feelings of Introduction entitlement. ● The feeling of entitlement can 1 you and your organization a lot as it can lead to 2 . ● Many organizations are recognizing that creativity 3 and are trying to develop their employees’ creativity. ● 4 a study of employees and supervisors pairs, the findings in this study are based Details about on several laboratory experiments. the study ● While creativity is 5 valued like other positive attributes, it may be over-valued compared to those other positive attributes because of its rarity by definition. ● People seeing their creative efforts as special and valuable feel that they 6 extra rewards.

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● It does not 7 mean that employees in companies like Apple, Google and IDEO are more dishonest because of their creativity. The effect of entitlement ● Whether entitlement appears or is 8 depends on people’s attitudes to its rarity. ● 9 the importance of creativity in the business worlds, the dark side of creativity Conclusion has not been 10 studied. ● It’s important to define what it means to be creative and what creativity means in that context. 答案

[语篇解读] 本文主要介绍了创造力和不诚实之间关系的关键所在。

1.cost 根据第一段最后一句“That feeling of entitlement can be costly for you and your organization as it can cause you to be dishonest.”可知,拥有这种权利的感觉会是相当昂贵的,根据形容词costly可知,此处用动词。cost...a lot(花费很多),故填cost。

2.dishonesty 根据第一段最后一句“That feeling of entitlement can be costly for you and your organization as it can cause you to be dishonest.”可知,拥有这种权利的感觉会是相当昂贵的,因为它可能引起你的不诚实。动词短语lead to后接名词dishonesty(不诚实),故填dishonesty。 3.matters/counts 根据第二段第一句“Many organizations now are recognizing the importance of creativity and are attempting to encourage their employees to be creative.”可知,现在许多组织认识到创造力是重要的,并试图培养员工的创造力。此处需要谓语动词,故填matters/counts。 4.Besides 根据第二段最后一句“The findings in this study are based on several laboratory

experiments, in addition to a study of employees and supervisor pairs.”可知,除了对员工和上司的研究之外,本研究的结果也基于一些实验室实验。此处填介词Besides“除……之外(还)”。

5.generally/often/frequently/usually/commonly 根据第三段第一句“While creativity is in most cases valued, such as other positive attributes, including practicality or intelligence, it may be over-valued compared to those other positive attributes because creativity is by definition (本质上) rare.”可知,尽管创造力常常像其他积极的属性一样被评估,但相比其他积极的属性,它可能因为它的稀有性而被高估。此处需用副词generally/often/frequently/usually/commonly“经常地”。

6.deserve 根据第三段倒数第二句“People see their creative efforts as special and valuable and feel that they are worthy of extra rewards for their creative efforts.”可知,人们把他们的创造性努力看作是特殊而有价值的,觉得他们应该得到额外的奖励。此处填动词deserve“值得”。

7.necessarily 根据第四段“However, it is naive to assume that employees in companies that have developed a strong identity as creative, such as Apple, Google, and IDEO, would be necessarily more

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dishonest due to their creativity.”可知,这也未必一定意味着员工在苹果、谷歌、IDEO这样的公司里因为他们的创造力就更不诚实。此处填副词necessarily“必要地”。

8.reduced/decreased 根据第五段“The key to the relationship between creativity and dishonesty is the sense of rarity,” said Vincent. “When individuals identified themselves as creative and believed that creativity was rare, entitlement appeared. However, if individuals believed that creativity was common, that sense of entitlement was reduced.”可知,无论权利出现或减少都取决于人们对它的罕见性的态度。根据reduced可知答案。

9.Despite 根据最后一段第一句Although creativity is important in the business world, the dark side of creativity has only partly studied.可知,尽管创造性在商业世界是重要的,但是创造性的阴暗面尚未完全研究出来。此处填介词Despite“尽管”。

10.completely/fully/thoroughly/entirely 根据最后一段第一句Although creativity is important in the business world, the dark side of creativity has only partly studied.可知,尽管创造性在商业世界是重要的,但是创造性的阴暗面尚未完全研究出来。此处填副词completely/fully/thoroughly/entirely“完全地”。

Passage 3(2018镇江中学、镇江一中等六校联考)

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the phone number is erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to short-term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that are of immediate interest to pass on to STM, also known as working memory.

There is much debate about the capacity and duration of short-term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of short-term memory by classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long-term storage.

When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear.

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When you can’t write, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from short-term to long-term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing memories.

Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable(可找回的). Retrieving information can be done. Humans can recall memories that are stored and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

1 to STM Ways to Short-term memory is also 2 to as working memory, and information makes its way to it via the sensory storage area. ▲One can increase the capacity of short-term memory by classifying similar information together. information 5 . The 6 ▲“Rote rehearsal” can help keep a memory alive, but the kind of memory can only of “rote rehearsal” maintain 7 interruption. ▲The information 8 to disappear once the rehearsal of it is stopped. 3 STM ▲One can make a memory more 4 to be passed on to long-term storage, with Another type Information can be 9 more easily by encoding information semantically. It doesn’t of memory matter if a memory seems to be forgotten, because 10 can help one retrieve it. 答案

[语篇解读] 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了短期记忆以及形成长期记忆的方法。 1.Introduction 信息归纳题。根据文章第一段的内容和表格的内容可知右栏讲述了什么叫短期记忆。

2.referred 信息转换题。根据文章第一段的最后一句可知,短期记忆也被称为工作记忆。refer to...as...称……为……。

3.improve/optimize 信息查找题。根据第二段末尾可知,通过对信息的组织,可以优化和提高短期记忆,故用improve/optimize。

4.likely 信息转换题。根据第二段的最后一句“By organizing information, one can optimize STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long-term storage.”中的chances可知填likely。

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5.organized 信息转换题。第二段的最后一句中含有organizing, 表格中with的复合结构作伴随状语,information和organize 是被动关系,故用organize 的过去分词。

6.drawbacks/shortcomings/weaknesses/disadvantages 信息归纳题。右栏内容讲的是死记硬背的缺点。

7.without 信息转换题。第三段第三句“Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions.”中的if there are no interruptions等于without interruption。 8.tends 信息转换题。第三段第四句“As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear.”中 has the tendency to do sth.相当于tends to sth.。

9.retrieved 信息转换题。根据文章最后一段的“Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable(可找回的). Retrieving information can be done.”可知,此处表示可以被找回,故用retrieved。

10.cues 信息查找题。根据最后一段的倒数第二句“The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved.” 可知填cues。

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